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Motor Speech > Lecture 1 Pt 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The ___________ is a complex network of structures and pathways that organize, control and execute voluntary movements

A

sensorimotor system

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2
Q

List all the structures involved in the sensorimotor system

A
  • cortex and UMNs
  • subcortical structures: basal ganglia, cerebellum
  • brainstem
  • LMNs - cranial and spinal nerves
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3
Q

What structure/area of the brain generates neural impulses that control execution of movements

A

the primary motor cortex

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4
Q

If motor movements are internally driven (initiation, maintenance, inhibition and learning of complex motor behaviours) they are driven by what area of the brain

A

Supplementary motor area

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5
Q

If motor movements are sensory guided (externally driven) they are driven by what area of the brain?

A

Premotor cortex

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6
Q

Describe the key aspects of the primary motor cortex

A
  • somatotopically organized
  • control voluntary muscles on contralateral side
  • # of motoneurons allocated to a muscle depends on the degree of control needed
  • Organized in FUNCTIONAL groups
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7
Q

Damage to motor areas in the cortex would likely lead to what type of MSDs

A

unilateral UMN dysarthria and spastic dysarthria

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8
Q

Damage to broca’s area, left insula or arcuate fasciculus would likely lead to what type of MSD

A

apraxia of speech

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9
Q

List the divisions of UMNS

A
  • Pyramidal tract (2 subtracts, corticospinal and corticobulbar)
  • Extrapyramidal tract
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10
Q

Describe UMNs

A
  • contained within CNS
  • originate in the cortex
  • terminate @ cranial or spinal nerve nuclei
  • include pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
  • don’t include BG and cerebellar control circuits
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11
Q

What is the function of UMNs?

A

control voluntary movements (finely controlled, skilled, discrete, rapid)

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12
Q

How many axonal synapses do UMNs have?

A

1

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13
Q

UMN innervate LMNs on the _______ side of the body

A

contralateral/opposite

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14
Q

List the UMN effects of damage

A
  • Hypertonia (spasticity)
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Emotional lability
  • Weakness
  • Babinski sign
  • Spastic or unilateral UMN dysarthria
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15
Q

Define hypertonia - spasticity

A

an increase in muscle tone due to hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex; characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch.

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16
Q

When analyzing someone’s speech what are the 2 channels from which we get info?

A

-visual and auditory

17
Q

Pseudobulbar palsy involves damage where?

A

in multiple UMNs that feed into multiple cranial nerves

18
Q

Describe LMNs

A
  • contained within CNS and PNS
  • originate in the brainstem and spinal cord
  • terminate at the muscle
  • carry out UMN commands for voluntary movements
  • produce muscle actions in reflexes
  • somewhat responsible for maintaining muscle tone
19
Q

List LMN effects of damage

A
  • hypotonia
  • atrophy
  • hyporeflexia
  • weakness (paralysis)
  • fasciculations
  • flaccid dysarthria
20
Q

Bulbar palsy involves damage where?

A

damage in multiple LMNs

21
Q

What type of degeneration is present in ALS?

A

UMN + LMN

22
Q

What type of degeneration is present in primary lateral sclerosis

A

UMN

23
Q

What type of degeneration is present in PSP

A

UMN

24
Q

What type of degeneration is present in progressive muscular atrophy?

A

LMN

25
Q

What type of degeneration is present in progressive bulbar palsy

A

LMN

26
Q

What are common signs in ALS (related to SLP)s?

A
  • Tongue fasciculations, increased jaw jerk, tongue atrophy, dysarthria & dysphagia
  • Slowing of speech rate (cardinal sign)
  • Decreased intelligibility
27
Q

What will be the result of a phrenic nerve lesion below c5?

A

many abdominal and thoracic muscles involved in breathing but diaphragm is ok

28
Q

What will be the result of a phrenic nerve lesion between C3 and C5?

A

cause paresis of the diaphragm – will need help with breathing

29
Q

What will be the result of a phrenic nerve lesion above C3?

A

paralyzed diaphragm – ventilator

30
Q

List the relevant muscles for inspiration and expiration

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • external intercostals
  • internal intercostals
  • diaphragm
  • rectus abdominis
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transvers abdominus
31
Q

Where is the CPG that controls respiration located?

A

brainstem

32
Q

In order for the cortex to control voluntary breathing, what must be overridden?

A
  • the brainstem respiratory CPG
33
Q

Describe myasthenia gravis

A
  • An autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies that block ACh receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular juncture
  • Leads to weakness and fatigue esp. in head and neck
  • No atrophy or fasciculations
  • Increased weakness with increased use

Motor Speech (15 decks)

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