Lecture 3 Flashcards
Define arthology
Study of joints
Anatomy, function, disease and treatment
Synovial vs solid joint
Synovial separated by a cavity
Solid no cavity uses connective tissue
Types of solid joint
Fibrous and cartilaginous
Types of cartilage
Hyaline - joint
Fibrocartilage - resist tension and compression, IVD, collagen fibres
Elastic - resistant to pressure, ear
Types of connective tissue
Cartilage
Skeletal muscle - movement and stability
Fibrous tissue - joint capsule, muscle fascia and tendons
Tendon - muscle to bone, transmit forces
Ligament - bone together, stability dense
Fibrous joints
Suture - skull, held by strong fibres, immobile
Gomphosis - teeth, anchor to jaw with fibres, immobile
Syndesmosis - connect parallel, slight mobility
Cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis - NOF, hyaline cartilage
Symphysis - spine, pubic synthesis - fibrocartilage, disc strengthened by surrounding ligaments, bone ends covered in hyaline cartilage
Things in all synovial joints
Cavity
Two bows
Hyaline cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial fluid
Synovial joint accessory feature
Menisci
Fat pads
Bursa
Tendons or muscles
Ligaments
Sesamoid bones
Describe hyaline cartilage
Prevent bone bone contact
Thinning means arthritis
Not seen on X-rays
Decrease friction so protection
Thickness depends on forces
Describe menisci
Fibrocartilage discs within larger joints
Intra capsular structures
Increase joint surface on bones
Shock absorption
Increase ROM
prone to injury
Describe bursae
In high friction sites
Closed sac of synovial membrane
Minimal synovial fluid
Sites of high friction
Tendon/bone
Muscle/bone
Ligament/bone
Skin/bone
What is a a tendon sheath
Length of synovial membrane surrounding tendon
What is a Sesamoid bone
Form within tendon on stress site
Increase mechanical efficiency by acting as pulley for tendons to slide over when transmitting force
Types of synovial joint
Condylar
Plane/gliding
Hinge
Ball and socket
Saddle
Pivot
Describe condylar joint
Biaxial
Rounded within cup shape
Eg TMJ
Describe plane joint
Uniaxial
Flat
Gliding only
In groups
Eg SIJ and proximal TiB fib
Describe hinge joint
Uniaxial
Like door hinge
Eg elbow, interphalangeal
Describe ball and socket
Multiaxial
Ball deep within another socket
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
Eg hip
Describe saddle
Biaxial
Flexion, extension, rotation
Eg ankle
Describe pivot joint
Uniaxial
Rotation
Long process sit within hole
Eg proximal radioulnar joint
Physical joint abnormalities
Subluxation
Dislocation
Hemarthrosis
Biological joint abnormalities
OA
RA
dysplasia
What is subluxation
Partial dislocation
Misalign, not complete separation
Can move back on its own
Numb, tingling, clicking
Dislocation
Bone forced out of normal position
Separation
What is hemarthrosis
Lipohaemoarthrosis - fat and blood collects
Pain swelling and limited ROM
What is OA
Chronic
Less joint space
Pain clicking, need surgery
Common in knee
What is RA
autoimmune
Inflamed joints
Pain stiffness, need steroids
Common in hands
What is dysplasia
Acetabulum and femoral head out of place
Ball not in socket
Lack of blood supply = cold, pain, can’t walk
