Lecture 2b: Types of Cancer's and Tumor Classification

Question 1

3 categories of tumor classification hierarchy

Answer 1

I. Differentiation state
II. Embryonic origin
III. Biological behavior

Question 2

3 categories of the differentiation state

Answer 2

1. Epithelial
2. Non-epithelial
3. Mixed

Question 2

2 categories of biological behavior in tumor classification

Answer 2

1. Benign
2. Malignant

Question 3

3 categories of embryonic origin

Answer 3

1. Ectoderm
2. Endoderm
3. Mesoderm

Question 4

6 major categories from a histological standpoint.

Answer 4

1. Carcinoma
2. Sarcoma
3. Myeloma
4. Leukemia
5. Lymphoma
6. Mixed Types

Question 5

Carcinoma

Answer 5

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body. Account for 80-90 of all cancer cases.

Question 6

ECM

Answer 6

Extracellular matrix: Collagen, proteins, non-cellular

Question 7

Architecture of epithelial tissues

Answer 7

Mature differentiated epithelial cells exposed at the epithelium surface, underlying are less differentiated epithelial cells. Beneath this layer lies the basement membrane.

Question 8

Squamous cell carcinomas

Answer 8

Tumors that arise from epithelia forming protective cell layers (large sheets of cells to seal a cavity or protect underlaying cell populations)

Question 9

Adenocarcinomas

Answer 9

Tumors that arise from specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances into the ducts or cavities they line. The secreted products are used to protect the epithelial cell layers from the content of the cavities that they surround.

Question 10

Epithelial tumors are classified based on the ______ & ________________ of the epithelia.

Answer 10

Shape, Biological function

Question 11

Protection mechanism of the epithelium

Answer 11

Secretion of mucopolysaccharides from glandular cells in the epithelia.

Question 12

Mesenchymal tumors

Answer 12

A dedifferentiated, high-grade spindle cell carcinoma.

Question 12

Sarcomas

Answer 12

Tumors of non-epithelial origin
-1% of the tumors encountered in oncology clinics
-Derived from mesenchymal cell typtes
-Originates in supportive and connective tissue such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat.

Question 12

4 mesenchymal cell types

Answer 12

-Fibroblasts and related connective tissue: Cell types that secrete collage, extracellular matrix. Present in tendons and bones
-Adipocytes (Fat cells)
-Osteoblasts (Bone)
-Myocytes (Muscle)

Question 13

Hematopoietic Malignancies

Answer 13

-Cancers of non-epithelial origin
-Arise from various cell types that constitute the blood-forming tissues, including the immune system; ethrythrocytes, plasma cells, T&B cells.
-Cells derive from the embryonic mesoderm

Question 14

Leukemia

Answer 14

Malignant derivatives from several hematopoietic lineage.

Question 15

Lymphoma (And types)

Answer 15

Malignant tumors of the lymphoid lineage
-B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Question 16

Lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 16

When the cancer develops in the lymphocytes (lymphoid cells)

Question 17

Myelogenous leukemia

Answer 17

When the cancer develops in the granulocytes or monocytes (myeloid cells)

Question 18

Acute lymphocytic leukemias (ALL)

Answer 18

80% arise from B-cells (80%) and T-cells (20%). Origin from pre B-cells

Question 18

5 Hematopoietic Malignancies

Answer 18

A. Acute lymphocytic leukemias
B. Acute myelogenous leukemia
C. Erythroleukemia
D. Chronic myelogenous leukemia
E. Multiple myeloma

Question 19

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

Answer 19

Have only small cytoplasm around the nucleus. Derive from precursor cells of granulocytes and monocytes

Question 20

Erythroleukemia

Answer 20

Large erythroblasts resembling differentiated erythrocytes.

Question 21

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Answer 21

A variety of leukemic cells of the myeloid (marrow) lineage, suggesting the differentiation of myeloid stem cells into several distinct cell types

Question 22

Multiple myeloma (MM)

Answer 22

Plasma cells of the B-cell lineage which produces antibodies. Myeloma causes structural bone damage and risks bone fractures

Question 23

Neuroectodermal tumors

Answer 23

-Major group of non-epithelial tumors that arise from cells that form various components of the central and peripheral nervous system.
-Named from the embryonic origin in the neuro-ectotherm layer
-Highly aggressive tumor

Question 24

Most common embryonal tumors are _____________

Answer 24

Medulloblastomas

Question 25

Melanocytes and Melanomas

Answer 25

Melanocytes: Derive from highly invasive, multi-potent embryonic cell population termed the neural crest.

Question 26

Mixed-Atypical tumor types

Answer 26

Tumors that do not fit into the major classifications

Question 27

Melanomas

Answer 27

Derived from melanocytes (Pigmented cells of skin and retina)

Question 28

Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLCs)

Answer 28

SCLCs contain cells with neurosecretory characteristics, such as those of neural crest and in the adrenal gland.

Question 29

Teratomas

Answer 29

Contains cells resembling embryonic stem cells. Can contain many different types of tissue including bone, muscle, teeth, and hair. Can be benign or malignant.

Question 30

Three critical determinants of cancer biology.

Answer 30

-Embryonic tissue-of-origin and normal cell-off-origin of the tumor.
-The phenotype of the cell that has undergone transformation
-The extent of progression to a highly malignant state.

Question 31

Embryonal tumors of the central nervous system

Answer 31

Cancerous (Malignant) tumors that start in the fetal cells in the brain. Can occur at any age but occur most often in babies and young children.

Question 32

Astrocytes

Answer 32

Glial cell in the CNS believed to be a precursor of astrocytomas and glioblastomas.

Question 33

Oligodendroglioma

Answer 33

Neuroectotherm tumors arising from oligodendrocytes, nonneural cells that support and insulate the acons of the CNS.