Lecture 1c: Modern History in Cancer Research & Hallmarks of Cancer Flashcards
Rudolph Virchow’s discovery
Identified white blood cells (Leukocytes) in cancerous tissue, making the first connection between inflammation and cancer. Coined the term leukemia and is the first person to describe excess number of WBC’s in the blood of patients with disease.
Rudolph Virchow’s proposal
Every cell arises from another cell. Identified WBCs in cancerous tissue making the first connection between inflammation and cancer.
Stephen Paget’s theory
Seed-and-Soil theory of cancer spread: Metastasis did not occur randomly.
Metastasis definition
Spread of primary tumor cells to a secondary organ.
Metastasis is responsible for approximately ____% of cancer deaths
90%
Peyton Rous Discovery
Viral cause of avian cancer
Peyton Rous Experiment
Extracted material from a cancer tumor in a hen and injected it into a health chicken. Health chicken developed cancer and he concluded that cells from the hen’s tumor contained an infectious substance, a virus, that transmits cancer.
Theodor Boveri Discovery
The role of chromosomal abnormalities in the development of cancer. Laid the foundation for the understanding of hereditary cancers and predisposition of cancer. Investigated the interaction between cytoplasm and chromosomes.
What was Boveri’s early idea of tumor suppressor genes
Suggested that loss of key cellular attributes, now known as tumor suppressor genes, are a key driver event in the development of cancer and inheritance could play a role in cancer susceptibility.
Boveri’s prediction of a key hallmark of cancer
Chromosomal (Genomic) Instability
William Halsted
Surgical treatment of breast cancer. First radical mastectomy to treat Breast cancer. Procedure remained the standard breast cancer operation until the latter half of the 20th century.
Person who discobered x-rays
Wilhelm Roentgen
Marie and Pierre Curie’s discovery
Radioactive elements radium and polonium. Within a few years the use of radium in cancer treatments began.
George Papanicolaou
Discovered cervical cancer can be detected by examining the cells from the vagina under a microscope.
Pap smear
Allows abnormal cervical cells to be detected and removed before they become cancerous.
Year the first complete cure of a human solid tumor occured
1953
4 legs of cancer treatment
- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Immunotherapy
Bevacizumab
First FDA approved monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.
Liquid biopsies for tracking cancer
Can show the number of circulating epithelial cells in the blood in markedly higher in women with metastatic breast cancer before systemic therapy than in women w/o breast cancer or benign breast disease
HPV Vaccine
Evidence that HPV vaccination for HPV’s 16 and 18 can decrease risk of cervical cancer
HPV Vaccine is found to decrease risk of associated cervical abnormalities from ____% to ____%
4.9% to 0.4%
Genome-wide profiling: Full length single-cell mRNA sequencing from individual tumour cells
Can analyse the full length mRNA transcriptomes of circulating tumour cells from patients with melanomas.
Immunotherapy
FDA approval of nivolumab and ipilimumab for BRAF-wild-type metastatic melanoma
Molecular Genetic Pathology
Part of a patient’s treatment plan to provide therapies and treatments that directly target patient-specific mutations.
6 Hallmarks of Cancer
- Sustaining proliferative signaling
- Evading growth suppressors
- Resisting cell death (apoptosis)
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Activating invasion and metastasis
Hayflick limit
The limited number of divisions normal cells have before death due to shortening of telomeres. (40-60)
What is the hallmark of cancer that enables replicative immortality
Telomere maintenance via telomerase reactivation
Five steps of metastatic cascade
- Invasion
- Intravasation
- Circulation
- Extravasation
- Colonization
