Lecture 13: Principles of Cancer Drug Discovery Flashcards
Preclinical Translational Research
A term used to described the process by which the results of research done in the lab are used to develop new ways to diagnose and treat patients
Bench to Bedside
Describes the process by which the results of research done in the laboratory are directly used to develop new ways to treat patients
T0 Research
Basic biomedical model research including preclinical and animal studies not including intervention with human subjects
T1 Research
Translation to humans including proof of concept studies. Phase 1 clinical trials and focusing on new methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in highly controlled settings
T3 Research
Translation to practice including comparative effectiveness research, post-marketing studies, clinical outcomes research, as well as health service, and dissemination & implementation research. T3 primarily focuses on implementation and dissemination
T2 Research
Translation to patients including phase 2 and 3 clinical trials and controlled studies leading to clinical application and evidence based guidelines. T2 involves establishment of effectiveness in humans and clinical guidelines
T4 Research
Translation to communities, including population level outcomes research, monitoring of morbidity, mortality, benefits, and risks, and impacts of policy and change
Four legs of cancer treatment
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation, Immunotherapy
Immunological sex differences in glioblastoma
Males are more likely to develop the disease and have a worse prognosis than female patients. There is also evidence males and females exhibit a differential immune response. Evidence that sex-based T cell exhaustion is a key factor in glioblastoma sex differences.
Importance in cancer genomics in precision cancer medicine
-Inhibiting enzymes that trigger the abnormal growth and survival of cancer cells
-Blocking aberrant gene expression characteristic of cancer cells
-Halting molecular signaling pathways that are in overdrive in cancer cells
Complete response/Complete remission
Treatment that completely gets rid of all tumors that could be measured or seen on a test
Partial response/Partial remission
Cancer partly responded to treatment but still did not go away. Usually defined as at least 50% reduction of measurable tumor
Imatinib (Gleevec)
Inhibits overactivity of a protein (Bcr-Abl Tyrosine Kinase) in patients whose leukemia is caused by a particular chromosomal rearrangement
Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
Controls a hyperactive signaling pathway (HER2 tyrosine kinase) caused by multiple copies of the HER2 gene in a subtype of breast cancers
Erlotinib (Tarceva) and Gefitinib (Iressa)
Both restrict activation of a protein (Epidermal growth factor/EGFR) which is abnormally active in a subset of lung cancers due to mutations in the protein
