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Test 2 FTM > Lecture 29 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

any substance that when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.

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2
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

the study of how the function of living systems is affected by chemical agents

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3
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs

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4
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

the study of effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action

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5
Q

What is Clinical pharmacology or Pharmacotherapeutics

A

the study of the use of drugs in the prevention and

treatment of disease.

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6
Q

What is toxicology?

A

the study of adverse effects of drugs

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7
Q

Describe how drugs target ion channels?

A

by altering the conductance of ion channels

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8
Q

examples of ion channel altering drugs?

A

local anesthetics

sedative-hypnotics

antiepileptics

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9
Q

G-protein-linked receptors and drugs

A

60 percent of drugs act upon G-proteins

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10
Q

Examples of drugs that use G protein linked receptors

A

albuterol- asthma (beta-2 agonist)

propranolol- hypertension (beta-anatagonist)

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11
Q

Example of enzyme-linked receptors?

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

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12
Q

What receptors are included in enzyme linked?

A

insulin receptor

epidermal growth factor receptor

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13
Q

What is the drug imatinib used for and what does it inhibit?

A

it is an effective treatment for leukemia

inhibits tyrosine kinase receptor

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14
Q

What do nuclear receptors do?

A

they regulate the expression of genes controlling metabolism and growth

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15
Q

What ligands bind to nuclear receptors?

A

steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
Vit D

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16
Q

examples of drugs that inhibit enzymes?

A
  1. aspirin
  2. ibuprofen
  3. omeprazole
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17
Q

What kinds of drugs are used to treat psychiatric disorders?

A

drugs that interfere with neurotransmitter transporters

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18
Q

Example of an anti-cancer drug that binds to tubulin

A

vinblastine

arrests cells in the metaphase stage

19
Q

What are the two types of dose-response curves?

A

graded and quantal

20
Q

How is the relationship between drug concentration and effect described on a graph

A

a hyperbolic curve

21
Q

What does Emax mean?

A

the maximal response produced by a drug

22
Q

What does EC50 mean?

A

the drug concentration that produces 50 percent of the maximal effect

23
Q

What is Bmax?

A

the total concentration of binding sites

24
Q

What is kD?

A

the equilibrium dissociation constant

occupy half the receptors

receptors affinity for the drug

if kD is low, affinity is high vice versa

25
Q

What is efficacy?

A

the magnitude of the response a drug produces

26
Q

What is potency?

A

is a measure of the concentration or amount of drug necessary to produce an effect of a given magnitude

27
Q

What is an agonist?

A

a drug that binds to and activates a receptor in a way that brings about an effect

affinity and efficacy

28
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

inhibits the action of an agonist but has no effect in the absence of the agonist

affinity but no efficacy

29
Q

What is used to determine potency?

A

EC50

30
Q

What is receptor antagonism?

A

A receptor antagonist binds to the same receptor to which the agonist binds

31
Q

What is competitive antagonism?

A

bind to the agonist binding site on the receptor

32
Q

competitive inhibitors can be….

A

reversible or irreversible

33
Q

noncompetitive anatagonism or allosteric anatagonism

A

bind to the receptor at a site different from the agonist binding site

Emax is decreased

34
Q

What is nonreceptor antagonism?

A

A nonreceptor antagonist does not bind to the

receptor to which the agonist binds.

35
Q

What is physiological antagonism?

A

One drug opposes another drug, but through

different receptors

36
Q

What is chemical antagonism?

A

A chemical antagonist reacts chemically with an

agonist to form an inactive product

37
Q

full agonist?

A

produces a maximal response

38
Q

partial agonist?

A

submaximal response

39
Q

Inverse agonists?

A

reverse constitutive activity of a receptor

40
Q

What is a quantal dose?

A

response relationship plots the fraction of the population that responds to a given dose of drug as a function of the drug dose

41
Q

What is ED50?

effective dose

A

the dose at which 50% of individuals exhibit the

specified quantal effect

42
Q

What is TD50?

A

The dose required to produce a particular toxic

effect in 50% of animals

43
Q

What is LD50?

A

The dose required to cause death in 50% of

animals

44
Q

What is therapeutic index?

A

the ratio of TD50, LD50, and ED50 for a therapeutically relevant effect

Test 2 FTM (28 decks)

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