Lecture 28: Fever and Rash; Vaccine preventable disease Flashcards
Measles
Highly infectious
Prodrome of 2-3 days of conjunctivitis, kopliks spots
-rash 3-7 days,most unwell. (widespread maculopapular)
-Complications: ear infection, pneumonia, croup
Microbial causes of bacterial meningitis
Different pathogens at different ages
Strep pneumoniae (gram +cocci, diplo?) Neisseria Meningitidis (gram- cocci) Haemophilus influenza b(gram - bacilli)
Grp B strep and gram negatives in newborns
Viral agents can e.g herpes simplex, enterovirus
TB can cause
What are conjugate vaccines
Polysaccharides attached to a protein that is an immuno stimulant.
Good for immunogenicity for <2 years of age
Haemophilus infuenza type b features
vaccine?
Gram- rod/bacillus
prior to vaccination was serious cause of disease.
Hib vaccine used to induce antibody to PRP on capsule. Are now conjugated
Strep pneumoniae features
Gram+ coccus
Polysaccharide capsule
90 different serotypes on capsule
In children: most common cause of otitis media, also lungs etc
All ages: bacterial pneumonia most common, meningococci and pnumococci most common cause meningitis
Strep pnemoniae vaccine
Not funded, can be used in elderly >65, splenectomy, immunosuppressed, chronic illness
Not useful in younger than 2 because can not recognise antigens.
Conjugated vaccines now used in children to improve
Introduction of strep pneumoniae conjugate vaccine benefits
97% efficacy againts IPD
11% reduction in clinical pneumonia
33% reduction in X ray confirmed pneumonia
Some reduction in otitis media, especially a decrease in antibiotic resistant disease
Herd immunity
Neissearia meningitidis features
Capsule important in virulence
Human only pathogen colonising nasopharynx
transmitted by droplets from colonized people
12 serogroups of PS
A,B and C most common
Problem with serogroup B meningococci
Similar structure to sugars on some neural cells, so even if conjugated antibodies against these are deleted during development
Vaccination key points
Target of 95% fully immunised at 2 years has been attained by most of the country
Previous economic and socioeconomic inequities gone
New target is vaccination on time (harder for Maori and deprived areas)
Challenges maintaining systems, social media and anti immunisation, shifting priorities