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Anatomy (cole) > Lecture 26 Axilla and Breast > Flashcards

Lecture 26 Axilla and Breast Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axilla?

A
  • the axilla is essentially the region that we think of as the deep compartment of the armpit
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2
Q

Where is the axilla located?

A
  • inferior to the glenohumeral joint at the junction of the arm and thorax
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3
Q

Is the axilla an important passageway for neurovascular structures?

A
  • yes
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4
Q

What is the shape of the axilla?

A
  • pyramid shaped
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5
Q

What types of fascia does the axillary region contain?

A
  • superficial and deep
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6
Q

What is significant about the fascia of the pectoral region?

A
  • consists of superficial and deep layers that define borders, invest muscles, and create potential spaces
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7
Q

What nerves travel through the superficial fascia?

A
  • supraclavicular nerves (C3 and C4 spinal nerves)

- anterior and lateral branches of intercostal nerves

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8
Q

What muscle is contained in the superficial fascia of the axilla?

A
  • platysma muscle
  • (muscle over lower mandible, neck and upper thoracic/shoulder region; a very superficial skeletal muscle that is mostly subcutaneous)
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9
Q

What fascias are considered deep?

A
  • pectoral fascia
  • axillary fascia
  • clavipectoral fascia
  • deltoid fascia
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10
Q

What does the pectoral fascia do?

A
  • attaches to clavicle and sternum; invests pectoralis major muscle; continous with fascia of anterior abdominal wall
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11
Q

What fascia will become the axillary fascia?

A
  • pectoral fascia
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12
Q

What fascia forms the floor of axilla?

A
  • axillary fascia
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13
Q

What fascia is deep to the pectoralis major muscle?

A
  • clavipectoral fascia
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14
Q

What connects the subclavius muscle and pectoralis minor?

A
  • costocoracoid membrane
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15
Q

What fascia is the costocoracoid membrane a part of?

A
  • clavipectoral fascia
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16
Q

what becomes the suspensory ligament of axilla?

A
  • clavipectoral fascia
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17
Q

What does the clavipectoral fascia do?

A
  • invests subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles
  • attaches to clavicle
  • becomes suspensory ligament
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18
Q

What are the features of the deltoid fascia?

A
  • attaches to clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
  • continous with pectoralis fascia
  • compartmentalizes scapular muscles
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19
Q

What does the suspensory ligament of axilla connect?

A
  • the axillary fascia and clavipectoral fascia
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20
Q

What are the borders of the clavipectoral triangle?

A
  • deltoid (lateral)
  • pectoralis major (medial)
  • middle 1/3 of clavicle (superior)
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21
Q

What is the function of the clavipectoral triangle?

A
  • allows passage of neurovascular structures between axilla and pectoral region
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22
Q

What does the clavipectoral triangle contain?

A
  • cephalic vein
  • deltopectoral lymp nodes
  • deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery (from axillary a.)
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23
Q

What is the superior boundary of the axillary?

A
  • clavicle
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24
Q

What are the walls of the axilla?

A
  • apex (clavicle)
  • lateral wall (shoulder joint/arm)
  • base (fossa/armpit)
  • medial wall (ribs)
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25
Q

What makes up the apex of the axilla?

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
  • 1st rib
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26
Q

What does the apex contain?

A
  • the cervicoaxillary canal
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27
Q

What is the passageway for neurovascular structures from the neck to the upper limb?

A
  • the cervicoaxillary canal
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28
Q

what makes up the base of the axilla?

A
  • skin and superficial fascia (axilla fossa aka armpit)
  • anterior axillary fold (lateral border of pec. major muscle)
  • posterior axillary fold
  • chest wall
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29
Q

what muscle makes up the posterior axillary fold?

A
  • latissimus dorsi muscle

- teres major muscle

30
Q

What muscle makes up the chest wall of the base of the axilla?

A
  • serratus anterior muscle
31
Q

What makes up the anterior wall of the axilla?

A
  • clavicle (superior)
  • subclavius muscle (superior)
  • pectoralis major muscle
  • pectoralis minor muscle
32
Q

What makes up the posterior wall of the axilla?

A
  • scapula
  • subscapularis muscle
  • latissimus dorsi muscle
  • teres major muscle
33
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the axilla?

A
  • intertubercular sulcus
  • tendon of long head of biceps
  • coracobrachialis tendon
34
Q

What vessels does the axillary sheath contain?

A
  • axillary vein
  • axillary artery
  • brachial plexus
35
Q

The ______ is an extension of the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia into the cervicoaxillary canal of the axilla?

A
  • axillary sheath
36
Q

The axillary is the continuation of what artery?

A
  • subclavian
37
Q

What does the axillary artery supply?

A
  • shoulder
  • thorax
  • axillary region
38
Q

What does the axillary artery continue into the arm as?

A
  • brachial artery
39
Q

What forms the axillary vein?

A
  • the brachial and basilic vein
40
Q

What forms the subclavian vein?

A
  • the cephalic and axillary vein
41
Q

What nerves contribute to the brachial plexus?

A
  • C5-T1
42
Q

Where do the cords of the brachial plexus travel within?

A
  • axillary sheath
43
Q

Where does the brachial plexus provide innervation?

A
  • the shoulder
  • pectoral region
  • scapular region
  • upper limb
44
Q

What are the 5 groups of lymph nodes?

A
  • Pectoral
  • subscapular
  • humeral
  • central
  • apical
45
Q

Where are the pectoral (anterior) lymph nodes?

A
  • medial wall of axilla

- cluster around the lateral thoracic vein

46
Q

Where are the sub scapular (posterior) lymph nodes?

A
  • posterior axillary fold

- cluster around sub-scapular vessels

47
Q

Where are the humeral (lateral) lymph nodes?

A
  • lateral wall of axilla

- near axillary vein

48
Q

Where are the central lymph nodes?

A
  • base of axilla

- near axillary vein

49
Q

Where are the apical lymph nodes?

A
  • apex (cericoaxillary canal)

- near axillary vein

50
Q

What innervates the breast?

A
  • intercostal nerves (4-6)
51
Q

How does the breast attach to dermis of overlying skin?

A
  • suspensory ligaments
52
Q

What do the breasts rest on?

A
  • pectoral fascia
53
Q

the breast is a modified _____ gland?

A
  • sweat
54
Q

What drain into lactiferous sinuses which open at nipple?

A
  • lactiferous ducts
55
Q

What converge on the nipple?

A
  • mammary gland lobules
56
Q

What is the darkened skin surrounded the nipple?

A
  • pigmented areola
57
Q

Where does most of the lymph from the breast drain?

A
  • axillary lymph nodes
58
Q

What supplies the breast?

A
  • medial mammary branches

- lateral mammary branches

59
Q

Where do the medial mammary branches come from?

A
  • from internal thoracic artery (subclavian artery)
60
Q

Where do the lateral mammary branches come from?

A
  • from lateral thoracic artery (from axillary artery)
61
Q

What is the primary venous drainage of the breast?

A
  • mainly to axillary vein via lateral thoracic veins and medial mammary veins via internal thoracic vein
62
Q

Where is some of the drainage of breast?

A
  • internal thoracic vein (and then subclavian) via anterior intercostal veins
63
Q

Where is the lymph drainage of the nipple, areola, and lactiferous lobules?

A
  • subareolar lymph nodes
64
Q

Where does remaining lymph drain?

A
  • parasternal (internal mammary) and abdominal lymph nodes
65
Q

What is polythelia?

A
  • an accessory nipple
66
Q

What is polymastia?

A
  • an accessory breast tissue
67
Q

What does breast elavation during contraction signal?

A
  • advanced cancer
68
Q

What are some refraction signs?

A
  • lymphedema (excess subcutaneous fluid) by blocking lymph flow
  • dimpling of the skin of the breast
  • edema of skin
69
Q

Can cancer spread to other organs in the body?

A
  • yes
70
Q

Can breast cancer spread to the thoracic, brain, skeletal an cranial structures?

A
  • yes
71
Q

Can breast cancer spread to liver?

A
  • yes

Anatomy (cole) (15 decks)

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