Lecture 25 4/30/24 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of canine distemper?
-enveloped, pleomorphic negative-stranded RNA virus
-closely related to measles and rinderpest
-infections are rare due to vaccination strategies
Why is canine distemper considered multisystemic?
it infects all lymphatic tissues; surface epithelium in the resp., alimentary, and urogenital tracts; skin; glands; and CNS
Which species other than domestic dogs can have canine distemper?
-ferrets
-coyotes
-red foxes
-gray foxes
How is canine distemper transmitted?
direct contact with aerosol droplets
Which cells does canine distemper have a tropism for?
-cells with Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM)
-epithelial cells with nectin-4 receptors
How does disease progression of canine distemper vary?
-young dogs are most susceptible, esp. between 4 to 6 months of age
-older, non-immunized dogs are highly susceptible to infection and disease
What are the clinical signs of canine distemper?
-fever
-nasal and ocular discharge
-pneumonia
-depression
-anorexia
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-CNS
-hardening of footpads and nose
-enamel hypoplasia
What are the characteristics of canine distemper serology testing?
-high IgM titer indicates recent infection or vaccination
-difficult to differentiate between vx versus infection
-rising IgG titers in unvaxxed dog are indicative of infection
-antibodies in CSF are highly indicative of infection; vx-induced Ab do not cross BBB
Why are the buffy coat cells a good sample for canine distemper diagnosis via RT-PCR/RT-qPCR?
distemper virus has a high tropism for WBCs
Which samples can be used for RT-PCR for canine distemper?
-whole blood
-CSF
-urine (only when used with another sample type)
Which tests for distemper can be done following necropsy?
-immunofluorescence
-virus isolation
-RT-PCR
How is canine distemper controlled?
-isolate patient; shedding can occur up to 4 months
-disinfection; common disinfectants will work
-modified live vx, canine tissue culture adapted vx, and chick embryo-adapted vx available
Which canine distemper vx are used for wildlife species?
chick embryo-adapted vaccines and killed vaccines
What is the canine distemper vector vaccine?
canarypox virus vector vx containing only the H and F proteins of canine distemper
What are the characteristics of kennel cough?
-multifaceted disease in which infectious disease and environment contribute to cough and resp. signs
-most common in areas of high-density patients
-most severe in puppies 6 weeks to 6 months old
Which viruses are involved in kennel cough?
-canine parainfluenza
-canine resp. coronavirus
-canine distemper virus
-canine adenovirus
-canine herpesvirus-1
-canine influenza virus
What are the characteristics of canine influenza virus?
-natural infections of H3N8 are currently limited to dogs
-H3N2 is capable of infecting dogs and cats
-H3N2 causes more severe clinical signs, is more easily transmissible, and is shed for a longer period compared to H3N8
What are the clinical signs of uncomplicated canine influenza?
-cough readily induced with minimal tracheal pressure
-normal lung sounds
-systemically healthy
What are the clinical signs of complicated canine influenza?
-low grade fever
-increased intensity of normal lung sounds
-crackles or wheezes in lungs possible
How is canine influenza diagnosed?
-PCR
-hemagglutination inhibition test
What is important about testing for canine influenza?
H3N8 and H3N2 must be tested for separately
How is kennel cough controlled?
-isolate patient; transmission can occur before clinical signs develop
-evacuate kennel for 1-2 weeks
-disinfect with common chemicals
How is kennel cough prevented?
-modified live distemper and canine adenovirus-2 vaccines
-CPIV vx that allows for mucosal or intranasal vx of puppies
-inactivated CIV vx (non-core)
What is important about the canine adenovirus-2 vx?
it can provide protection against infectious canine hepatitis caused by CAV-1
What are the characteristics of canine papillomavirus?
-non-enveloped, small, icosahedral circular dsDNA virus
-usually begins on lips and spreads to mucosa, tongue, palate, and pharynx
-species specific
-diagnosed through PCR/qPCR
How is canine papillomavirus treated?
-usually regresses spontaneously
-surgery if needed
-alpha-interferon
-NO VX
