Lecture 24 4/24/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of canine parvovirus?

A

-contagious virus
-many antigenic variants
-CPV2c viruses are more virulent with higher mortality rates
-common in breeding kennels, pet stores, and shelters
-most severe in dogs 6-24 wks old

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2
Q

What are the risk factors for canine parvovirus?

A

-unvaccinated dogs
-dogs less than 4 mo. old
-co-pathogens such as parasites/viruses/some bact. that may worsen illness
-simultaneous infection with CPV-2 and coronavirus
-crowding and poor sanitation

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3
Q

What is the pathophysiology of canine parvovirus?

A

-requires dividing cells to replicate and complete viral life cycle
-most commonly found in tissues containing actively dividing cells
-intestinal crypts, mesenteric lymph nodes, and bone marrow are common sites
-villi become shortened, leading to malabsorption and diarrhea

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine parvovirus?

A

-vomiting
-foul-smelling diarrhea
-hemorrhagic enteritis
-leukopenia and lymphopenia

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5
Q

How can canine parvovirus be diagnosed?

A

-hemagglutination tests/ELISA
-PCR

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of serological tests for canine parvovirus?

A

-not diagnostic due to vaccine and maternal antibody interference
-used for the purpose of determining protection from infection/titer

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7
Q

What does it mean for the IDEXX snap test to be highly specific but low sensitivity for canine parvo?

A

-a positive result is likely positive
-a negative result can be a false negative

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8
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of canine parvovirus?

A

-linear ssDNA virus
-non-enveloped
-hemagglutinates RBCs
-three capsid proteins, VP1-3

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9
Q

Which capsid protein is essential for canine parvo virulence?

A

VP2

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10
Q

What are the potential treatments for canine parvo?

A

-supportive care
-monoclonal antibodies

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11
Q

Why is canine parvo difficult to control?

A

-virus is very stable over a range of pH
-resistant to several disinfectants
-may survive for months in contaminated areas

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12
Q

How is canine parvo controlled?

A

-remove organic material
-thorough disinfection using bleach
-isolate pups from adult dogs returning from shows/field trials
-use killed or modified live vx

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13
Q

What are the challenges to canine parvo eradication?

A

-non-enveloped; very stable
-can survive for long periods in environment
-wildlife carriers
-immunization failure

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of canine coronavirus?

A

-enveloped +ssRNA virus
-enteric version causes sporadic outbreaks of enteritis
-resp. version is associated with canine infectious resp. disease complex
-two strains are genetically and serologically distinct

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of enteric coronavirus disease?

A

-mild to severe enteritis
-infects upper two thirds of small intestine and associated lymph nodes
-virus destroys mature enterocytes
-maldigestion, malabsorption, and diarrhea occur
-simultaneous infection with CPV-2 is often fatal; infecting the entire villus

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of resp. coronavirus disease?

A

-coughing and dyspnea
-associated with kennel cough complex

17
Q

Why are differences in virulence likely between coronavirus isolates?

A

they have a high mutation rate and undergo rapid evolution

18
Q

How can coronavirus be diagnosed?

A

-immunofluorescence of small intestine
-RT-PCR on feces or resp. swabs

19
Q

How is coronavirus prevented/controlled?

A

-inactivated and live vx exist, but with moderate efficacy; not normally recommended
-strict quarantine
-sanitation: susceptible to common disinfectants

20
Q

What are the general characteristics of canine circoviruses?

A

-non-enveloped circular ssDNA virus
-replicate in dividing cells
-young animals more susceptible
-known to infect immune system, esp. lymphoid tissue
-cause immune suppression and increased susceptibility to secondary infections
-intestinal crypts are ideal target

21
Q

How is circovirus diagnosed?

A

PCR on fecal sample