Lecture 11 2/14/24 Flashcards
What are the pros of viral-vectored vaccines?
-no adjuvant
-safer
-induces strong humoral and cellular responses
What is the con of viral-vectored vaccines?
pre-existing immunity to the vector can reduce vaccine efficacy
What is an example of a viral-vectored vaccine?
canarypox-vectored influenza vx
What are the pros of live attenuated vaccines?
-induces strong, long-lasting immunity due to replication of the virus
-similar to natural infection
What are the cons of live attenuated vaccines?
-risk for reversion to virulence
-risk in immunocompromised animals/species that are not the natural host
What is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?
distemper vx
What is the pro of inactivated vaccines?
killed pathogen that cannot replicate
What is the con of inactivated vaccines?
requires adjuvants and boosters
What is an example of an inactivated vaccine?
rabies vx
What is the pro of subunit vaccines?
incapable of causing disease
What are the cons of subunit vaccines?
-may not mimic natural infection
-weaker immune response
-requires adjuvants and boosters
What are the pros of nucleic acid vaccines?
-rapidly developed in response to emerging diseases
-highly specific to targeted pathogen
What are the cons of nucleic acid vaccines?
-new tech. with unknown long-term effects
-storage/handling may require cold chain
Which organization sets standards for vaccine testing and approval in animals?
USDA
What are the goals of clinical trials?
-establish vx safety and immunogenicity
-determine optimal dose and schedule
-monitor for potential side effects/adverse rxns
What is the function of post-marketing surveillance?
to determine if vaccines have any adverse effects after licensing
What considerations must be accounted for when developing vaccines?
-safety
-efficacy
-cost of R&D
-cost-effectiveness
-ethics
What are vaccine antigens?
active ingredients that stimulate the immune system to produce a targeted response against a specific antigen
What are vaccine adjuvants?
-substances added to vaccines to enhance the body’s immune response to the antigen
-may reduce amount of antigen needed
Which innovative delivery systems are being used for vaccines?
-nanoparticles
-gene-based vaccines
-edible vaccines
What are the characteristics of the immune response to vaccination?
-mimics natural infection to stimulate an immune response
-memory cells provide long-term immunity
What factors affect the immune response?
-age
-genetic factors
-maternal antibodies
-waning immunity
-immunosuppression
What vaccine considerations exist for African Swine Fever?
-no fully effective vx available yet
-recent efforts focusing on live attenuated vx
What vaccine consideration exists for Avian Influenza?
high mutation rate of the virus necessitates ongoing research to keep vx effective against emerging strains
What are the advantages of SQ vaccine administration?
-slower absorption than IM
-suitable for vx that may cause reactions if injected IM
What are the advantages of IM vaccine administration?
-rapid absorption
-suitable for vx designed to provoke strong immune response
What is the advantage of intranasal vaccine administration?
localized immune response in the mucosa
