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BIOC192 2024 > Lecture 24 > Flashcards

Lecture 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is glyolysis?

A

The splitting of glucose molecules to form pyruvate

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2
Q

What does glycolysis provide?

A

The net gain of 2ATP

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3
Q

What are the two stages of glycolysis?

A

Energy investment and energy payoff

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4
Q

What is energy investment?

A

Spending 2ATP to add 2 phosphates onto glucose in two stages - activation of glucose (x2)

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5
Q

What is activation of glucose?

A

Getting the molecule into a form so energy can be captured, adding phosphates (x2)

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6
Q

Is the activation of glucose energetically favourable or unfavourable?

A

Energetically unfavourable, +ve gibbs energy

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7
Q

How can an energetically unfavourable reaction made favourable?

A

By reaction coupling

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8
Q

What is the activation of glucose coupled with?

A

ATP hydrolysis

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9
Q

Is the conversion of G-6-P to F-6-P energetically favourable or unfavourable?

A

Energetically unfavourable, however, because it is in the middle of the pathway, it is driven forward to completion.

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10
Q

What happens at the end of the energy investment phase?

A

The aldolase reaction

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11
Q

What are the two key reactions for ATP synthesis?

A

ATP synthesis and redox reactions using coenzymes

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12
Q

What is the reaction of ATP synthesis?

A

ADP + Pi -> ATP

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13
Q

What type of phosphorylation is ATP synthesis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation, direct. Energy comes straight from substrate

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14
Q

What type of phosphorylation is a redox reaction?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation, indirect through reduced co-enzymes

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15
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

The direct use of energy from a substrate molecule to drive the synthesis of ATP

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16
Q

How is energy released through substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Through cleaving a high energy phosphate bond

17
Q

What is the problem with a SLP and net energy gain?

A

1 ATP must be spent to create the phosphate bond and 1ATP is made when the bond is cleaved, no net energy gain

18
Q

How is the problem of net energy gain fixed?

A

Through redox reactions using coenzymes

19
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Fuel molecules get oxidised a co enzyme gets reduced

20
Q

What are the key coenzymes?

A

NAD and FAD

21
Q

What is NAD?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, derived from niacin (V-B3)

22
Q

What does NAD undergo?

A

A two-electron reduction

23
Q

What is a reducing equivalent?

A

H atom with 2H+ and 2e-

24
Q

Why is 3PG rearranged?

A

To get the molecule into a form that enables the following reactions to occur

25
Q

What does the second substrate level phosphorylation provide?

A

Pyruvate from PEP using pyruvate kinase and an ATP molecule

26
Q

What is the overall reaction for glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H+

27
Q

What is arsenic poisioning of glycolysis?

A

Arsenate (AsO4³⁻) replaces phosphate (PO4³⁻) in the reaction from G-3-P, forming 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate instead of 1,3-BPG. This releases energy as heat instead of producing ATP (no net loss or gain)

28
Q

What are the fates of pyruvate?

A

Aerobic oxidation and anaerobic glycolysis

29
Q

What is an aerobic reaction?

A

One with plentyful oxygen

30
Q

What is an anaerobic reaction?

A

One with limited/low oxygen

31
Q

What occurs during aerobic oxidation of pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate undergoes pyruvate dehydrogenation into acetyl in the mitochondrial matrix which is then bound to CoA to further be metabolized in the CAC.

32
Q

What is CoA?

A

Coenzyme A (CoA) is derived from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and is not a carrier of electrons, therefore cannot preform a redox reaction.

33
Q

What are the two forms of CoA?

A

Free coenzyme A: CoASH and Acyl group attached: Acyl-CoA

34
Q

What happens in anareobic glycolysis of pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate is converted to lactate. Lactate causes muscle fatigue. After this, glycolysis can continue to generate ATP

35
Q

Where does anaerobic glycolysis of pyruvate occur?

A

In the red blood cells and muscle

BIOC192 2024 (36 decks)

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