Lecture 22

Question 1

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 1

The total energy within a system is constant, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms

Question 2

What does biology and biochemistry rely on?

Answer 2

Energy conversions

Question 3

Where does energy in biology originate from?

Answer 3

The sun - light energy

Question 4

How does photosynthesis convert energy to useful forms?

Answer 4

Absorbs the light energy, with an additional intake of CO2 and generates ATP and O2

Question 5

What is the ATP generated in photosynthesis used for?

Answer 5

Anabolism

Question 6

What is anabolism?

Answer 6

Using energy to make bigger molecules (fuel molecules)

Question 7

What is the energy generated through eating used in?

Answer 7

Catabolism

Question 8

What is catabolism?

Answer 8

Generating ATP from breaking chemical bonds

Question 9

What is the ATP generated in catabolism used for?

Answer 9

Cellular work e.g. anabolism, transportation or signalling

Question 10

What is ATP

Answer 10

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 11

Where is the energy stored in ATP?

Answer 11

In the phosphoanhydride bonds (P-O)

Question 12

What is ATP synthesis

Answer 12

How ATP is synthesised from ADP + P using the energy generated from the catabolism of dietary fuel molecules

Question 13

What is ATP hydrolysis?

Answer 13

How ATP is used on anabolic precursors to generate products of cellular work

Question 14

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 14

Reaction where a chemical bond is broken using water, the water molecule is then consumed in the separation of a larger molecule

Question 15

What is macronurtients?

Answer 15

Large molecules, polymers, consumed in food

Question 16

What are the macronutrient polymers?

Answer 16

Carbohydrates, protein, fat, nucleic acids

Question 17

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

Answer 17

Monosaccharides (glucose)

Question 18

What is the monomer of a protein?

Answer 18

Amino acids

Question 19

What is the monomer of fat?

Answer 19

Fatty acids

Question 20

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Answer 20

Nucleotides

Question 21

What does digestion involve?

Answer 21

hydrolysis of bonds connecting monomer units and absorption from GI tract into body

Question 22

After the consumed polymers are catabolised, what are the monomers used for?

Answer 22

Anabolism to create functional gene polymers

Question 23

What is micronutrients?

Answer 23

Minerals and vitamins consumed in the diet, and used as cofactors

Question 24

What are minerals?

Answer 24

Inorganic elements consumed in the diet

Question 25

What are the two types of minerals?

Answer 25

Major and minor

Question 26

What are the major minerals?

Answer 26

Inorganic elements with a great abundance in the body

Question 27

What are the minor minerals?

Answer 27

Inorganic elements with a low abundance in the body therefore at low concentrations so can be hard to identify and measure

Question 28

What are vitamins?

Answer 28

Organic substances in the diet

Question 29

What are the two types of vitamin?

Answer 29

Water soluble and fat soluble

Question 30

What are water soluble vitamins?

Answer 30

Vitamins that cannot be stored, B class in metabolism

Question 31

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 31

Vitamins that can be stored in the adipose fat and mobilised when needed

Question 32

What is a cofactor?

Answer 32

Small molecules required for the activity of an associated enzyme. They have a range of mechanisms

Question 33

What are coenzymes?

Answer 33

A type of cofactor, organic and often derived from vitamins

Question 34

What are the key features of coenzymes in pathways?

Answer 34

Low concentration in cells, can act as carriers and have two forms

Question 35

What are the key coenzymes?

Answer 35

NAD, FAD, CoA

Question 36

What is gibbs free energy?

Answer 36

A measure of the spontaneity of a reaction

Question 37

If ΔG < 0 for A → B then?

Answer 37

The reaction is spontaneous, energy is released as A > B and the reaction is energetically favourable

Question 38

If ΔG = 0 for A → B then?

Answer 38

The reaction is in equilibrium, there is similar energy is A and B and no work can be done; no driving force

Question 39

If ΔG > 0 for A → B then?

Answer 39

The reaction is non-spontaneous, energy is required as B > A and the reaction is energetically unfavourable. An enzyme cannot make this happen

Question 40

Is ATP hydrolysis energetically favourable or unfavourable?

Answer 40

Favourable, ΔG = -30kJ/mol

Question 41

Is ATP synthesis energetically favourable or unfavourable?

Answer 41

Unfavourable, ΔG = 30kJ/mol

Question 42

What are the two key pathways of reaction types?

Answer 42

Those involving ADP → ATP and RedOx reactions

Question 43

What occurs during redox reactions?

Answer 43

Fuel molecules get oxidised

Question 44

What is oxidation?

Answer 44

The loss of an electron, this is the reducing agent and provides reducing power

Question 45

What is reduction?

Answer 45

The gain of an electron, this is the oxidising agent and provides oxidising power

Question 46

What do biological redox reaction often use?

Answer 46

A hydrogen atom, therefore referred to as a reducing equivalent

Question 47

What is the name for the enzymes that catalyse redox reaction using a H atom?

Answer 47

Dehydrogenase

Question 48

What is the stepwise oxidation pathway?

Answer 48

The process of capturing energy from sugar through breaking the bonds using a series of steps instead of just one

Question 49

Why do we need the stepwise oxidation pathway?

Answer 49

Because directly burning sugar releases all the energy as heat which is not useful in the cell