Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOC192 2024 > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The total energy within a system is constant, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does biology and biochemistry rely on?

A

Energy conversions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does energy in biology originate from?

A

The sun - light energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does photosynthesis convert energy to useful forms?

A

Absorbs the light energy, with an additional intake of CO2 and generates ATP and O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the ATP generated in photosynthesis used for?

A

Anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Using energy to make bigger molecules (fuel molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the energy generated through eating used in?

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Generating ATP from breaking chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the ATP generated in catabolism used for?

A

Cellular work e.g. anabolism, transportation or signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the energy stored in ATP?

A

In the phosphoanhydride bonds (P-O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is ATP synthesis

A

How ATP is synthesised from ADP + P using the energy generated from the catabolism of dietary fuel molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is ATP hydrolysis?

A

How ATP is used on anabolic precursors to generate products of cellular work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Reaction where a chemical bond is broken using water, the water molecule is then consumed in the separation of a larger molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is macronurtients?

A

Large molecules, polymers, consumed in food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the macronutrient polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, protein, fat, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharides (glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the monomer of fat?

A

Fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

21
Q

What does digestion involve?

A

hydrolysis of bonds connecting monomer units and absorption from GI tract into body

22
Q

After the consumed polymers are catabolised, what are the monomers used for?

A

Anabolism to create functional gene polymers

23
Q

What is micronutrients?

A

Minerals and vitamins consumed in the diet, and used as cofactors

24
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements consumed in the diet

25
Q

What are the two types of minerals?

A

Major and minor

26
Q

What are the major minerals?

A

Inorganic elements with a great abundance in the body

27
Q

What are the minor minerals?

A

Inorganic elements with a low abundance in the body therefore at low concentrations so can be hard to identify and measure

28
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic substances in the diet

29
Q

What are the two types of vitamin?

A

Water soluble and fat soluble

30
Q

What are water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins that cannot be stored, B class in metabolism

31
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins that can be stored in the adipose fat and mobilised when needed

32
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Small molecules required for the activity of an associated enzyme. They have a range of mechanisms

33
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

A type of cofactor, organic and often derived from vitamins

34
Q

What are the key features of coenzymes in pathways?

A

Low concentration in cells, can act as carriers and have two forms

35
Q

What are the key coenzymes?

A

NAD, FAD, CoA

36
Q

What is gibbs free energy?

A

A measure of the spontaneity of a reaction

37
Q

If ΔG < 0 for A → B then?

A

The reaction is spontaneous, energy is released as A > B and the reaction is energetically favourable

38
Q

If ΔG = 0 for A → B then?

A

The reaction is in equilibrium, there is similar energy is A and B and no work can be done; no driving force

39
Q

If ΔG > 0 for A → B then?

A

The reaction is non-spontaneous, energy is required as B > A and the reaction is energetically unfavourable. An enzyme cannot make this happen

40
Q

Is ATP hydrolysis energetically favourable or unfavourable?

A

Favourable, ΔG = -30kJ/mol

41
Q

Is ATP synthesis energetically favourable or unfavourable?

A

Unfavourable, ΔG = 30kJ/mol

42
Q

What are the two key pathways of reaction types?

A

Those involving ADP → ATP
and RedOx reactions

43
Q

What occurs during redox reactions?

A

Fuel molecules get oxidised

44
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of an electron, this is the reducing agent and provides reducing power

45
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of an electron, this is the oxidising agent and provides oxidising power

46
Q

What do biological redox reaction often use?

A

A hydrogen atom, therefore referred to as a reducing equivalent

47
Q

What is the name for the enzymes that catalyse redox reaction using a H atom?

A

Dehydrogenase

48
Q

What is the stepwise oxidation pathway?

A

The process of capturing energy from sugar through breaking the bonds using a series of steps instead of just one

49
Q

Why do we need the stepwise oxidation pathway?

A

Because directly burning sugar releases all the energy as heat which is not useful in the cell

BIOC192 2024 (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions