Lecture 23: Preventing Disease + Improving Health of The Population (Prevention, Promotion, Protection)

Question 1

what are the three steps to disease prevention?

Answer 1

1. primary (exposure, before biological onset)
   - limits occurrence of disease by controlling specific causes/risk factors (vaccination)
2. secondary (clinical diagnosis)
   - detect early to reduce the more serious consequences of the disease
   - screening women for breast cancer
3. tertiary (outcome, recovery, death/disability)
   - reduce the progress of complications of established disease
   - rehabilitation services for burn patients

Question 2

what is the importance of preventing disease?

Answer 2

increase life expectancy
unravel the causal pathway
direct preventive action
evaluation of effectiveness

Question 3

what is population based (mass strategy)?

Answer 3

targets the whole population
useful for common disease/widespread cause

Question 4

what are the pros/cons to high risk (individual strategy)

Answer 4

advantages:
- appropriate to individuals
- individual motivation
- cost effective use of resources
- favourable benefit-to-risk ratio

disadvantages:
- cost of screening, need to identify individuals
- temporary effect
- limited potential
- behaviourally inappropriate

Question 5

what are the pros/cons to mass strategy

Answer 5

advantages:
- addresses underlying causes
- large potential benefit for whole population
- behaviourally appropriate (like mask wearing)

disadvantages:
- small benefit to individuals
- poor motivation of individuals
- whole population is exposed to downside of strategy (less favourable benefit-to-risk)

Question 6

what are the pre-requisites for health?

Answer 6

peace + safety from violence
shelter
education
food
income + economic support
stable ecosystem/sustainable resources
social justice + equity

Question 7

what are the basic strategies for ottawa charter?

Answer 7

1. enable (provide opportunities for all individuals to make healthy choices (access to inf, life skills, supportive environments)
   - individual level strategy
2. advocate (favourable political, economic, social, cultural + physical environments by promoting advocation for health)
   - systems level strategy
3. mediate (facilitate/bring together individuals, groups + parties with opposing interests to work tgt)
   - individuals, groups + systems

Question 8

what are the five key actions areas for ottawa

Answer 8

1. building healthy public policy (smoke free campus)
2. reorient health services (give ppl advice)
3. create supportive environments
4. develop personal skills
5. strengthen community action

Question 9

what is the health protection model?

Answer 9

environmental hazard focused.
- risk/hazard assessment so we can avoid them (safe air/water/biosecurity)
- occupational health + monitoring (safety regulations on work sites)
- risk communication (relating environmental risks to the public)