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Botany > Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

when did anthophyta originate?

A

130 million years ago and radiated 65 million years ago

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2
Q

how many species of anthophyta are there?

A

300,000 species

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3
Q

how are anthophyta pollinated

A

by animals

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4
Q

what are the types of andiosperms?

A
  • Basal Angiosperms

- Mesangiosperms

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5
Q

list the different mesangiosperms

A 
Magnoliids
•Monocots
•Ceratophyllales
•Eudicots
•Rosids
•Asterids
•Many others...
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6
Q

what angiosperms make up the dicots?

A
  • Magnoliids
  • Ceratophyllales
  • Eudicots
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7
Q

what are the four whorls of a flower?

A
  1. sepals
  2. petals
  3. stamens
  4. carpels
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8
Q

what makes up the sepals?

A

the calyx

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9
Q

what makes up the petals

A

the corolla

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10
Q

what makes up the stamen?

A

the anther and filaments

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11
Q

what makes up the carpels?

A

the ovary, style, and stigma

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12
Q

what is a determinate shoot

A

plants that grow and produce 4 sets of modified leaves

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13
Q

what is the carpel made up of?

A
  • Magnoliids
  • Ceratophyllales
  • Eudicots
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14
Q

what is the function of the sticky stigma suface?

A

the stigma surface can prevent pollen from different species from germinating

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15
Q

what is the function of the style tissue?

A

to prevent selfing

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16
Q

selfing

A

self pollination

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17
Q

what is an infloescence?

A

a cluster of flowers

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18
Q

what is a complete flower?

A

a flower that contains all 4 whorls

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19
Q

what is a incomplete flower?

A

a flower missing one or more whorls

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20
Q

what is a perfect flower?

A

a flower that contains both microsporangia and megasporangia

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21
Q

what kind of lifecycle do angiosperms have?

A

a sporic life cycle

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22
Q

are angiosperms hetero of homosporous

A

heterosporous with separate male and female gametophytes

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23
Q

describe the microgametophyte of angiosperms

A 
pollen
.•Extremely reduced 
•(just 2 cells, tube cell, generative cell ).
•Free living.
•Pollen
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24
Q

do angiosperm pollen have antheridia?

A

no

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25
Q

is water required for fertilization of angiosperms?

A

no

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26
Q

do angiosperm sperm have flagella?

A

no

27
Q

describe the megagametophyte of angiosperms

A
  • Extremely reduced
  • Megagametophytereduced to 7 cells with 8 nuclei. (embryo sac)
  • Antipodals(3)
  • Polar nuclei (2)
  • Egg (1)
  • Synergids(2)
28
Q

are the megagametophytes of angiosperms dependent or independent of the sporophyte?

A

they are independent

29
Q

are there any archegonia in the megagamtophyte of angiosperm

A

no

30
Q

describe the embryo sac of angiosperms

A

Reduced megagametophyte in angiosperms

31
Q

angiosperm pollen develops following what event

A

Develops following meiosis in anther = Microsporangium

32
Q

Pollen grain part:

•Exine

A

outer wall,
•sporopollenin
•Protection vs. UV, desiccation, pathogens.
•Pores/apertures for pollen tube initiation

33
Q

pollen grain part:

•Intine

A

Inner wall, •cellulose & pectins

34
Q

pollen grain part:

•Pollen coat

A

Coats Exine

•scented, pigmented, enzyme rich.

35
Q

pollination and fertilization of angiosperms

A

1) Pollen attaches to stigma.
2) Pollen tube grows through style & ovary to Ovule.
3) Sperm travel to egg and polar nuclei.
4) Double Fertilization-zygote-endosperm (3n)
5) Growth of endosperm post fertilization.(compare to gymnosperm megagametophyte)

36
Q

describe wind pollinated flowers

A

small and not brightly colored

37
Q

what are some signals and rewards that animal pollinated flowers use to attract animals?

A

signals: petal color, patterns, and scents
rewards: pollen, nectar, and the ovary wall

38
Q

fruit

A

mature ovary + Accessory tissue fused to Ovary

39
Q

simple fruit

A

formed from one carpel

ex: Cherry, peach, apple

40
Q

aggregate fruit

A

Formed from many carpels in a single flower.

ex: Blackberry, Strawberry

41
Q

multiple fruit

A

formed from multiple flowers in an inflorescence.

ex: Pineapple

42
Q

accessory fruit

A

Contain non-ovary tissue.

ex:(Apple, Strawberry)

43
Q

true or false: accessory fruits can be simple, aggregate of multiple

A

true

44
Q

types of fleshy fruit

A

drupes, berries, and pommes

45
Q

drupes

A

one seed, thin exocarp, stony endocarp (cherry)

46
Q

berries

A

one to many seeds, all parts fleshy (tomato)

47
Q

pomes

A

Inferior ovary, flesh derived from receptacle (apple)

48
Q

types of dry fruit?

A

dehiscent and indehiscent

49
Q

dehiscent fruit

A

split open at maturity (release seeds)

50
Q

indehiscent fruit

A

do not split open at maturity (retain seeds:

51
Q

types of dehiscent fruit

A

follicle
legum
silique
capsule

52
Q

types of dehiscent fruit

follicle splits where

A

splits along one side (milkweed)

53
Q

types of dehiscent fruit

legume splits where

A

splits along both sides (beans)

54
Q

types of dehiscent fruit

silique splits where

A

Two carpels, splits away from central partition (mustard)

55
Q

types of dehiscent fruit

capsule splits where

A

Compound ovary, varying seed dispersal (poppy)`

56
Q

indehiscent fruit splits when

A

it doesnt. It retains seeds

57
Q

types of indehiscent fruits

Achene

A

Attached to pericarp

58
Q

types of indehiscent fruits

cypsela

A

Achene-like fruit derived from inferior ovary

59
Q

types of indehiscent fruits

samara

A

Winged achenes

60
Q

types of indehiscent fruits

caryopsis

A

grasses

61
Q

types of indehiscent fruits

nut

A

acorns

62
Q

types of indehiscent fruits schizocarp

A

Splits into two or more one seeded portions at maturity

63
Q

how can root seeds be dispursed

A

Seeds can be wind-or animal-or water-dispersed.

Botany (8 decks)

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