Lecture 23 Flashcards
when did anthophyta originate?
130 million years ago and radiated 65 million years ago
how many species of anthophyta are there?
300,000 species
how are anthophyta pollinated
by animals
what are the types of andiosperms?
- Basal Angiosperms
- Mesangiosperms
list the different mesangiosperms
Magnoliids •Monocots •Ceratophyllales •Eudicots •Rosids •Asterids •Many others...
what angiosperms make up the dicots?
- Magnoliids
- Ceratophyllales
- Eudicots
what are the four whorls of a flower?
- sepals
- petals
- stamens
- carpels
what makes up the sepals?
the calyx
what makes up the petals
the corolla
what makes up the stamen?
the anther and filaments
what makes up the carpels?
the ovary, style, and stigma
what is a determinate shoot
plants that grow and produce 4 sets of modified leaves
what is the carpel made up of?
- Magnoliids
- Ceratophyllales
- Eudicots
what is the function of the sticky stigma suface?
the stigma surface can prevent pollen from different species from germinating
what is the function of the style tissue?
to prevent selfing
selfing
self pollination
what is an infloescence?
a cluster of flowers
what is a complete flower?
a flower that contains all 4 whorls
what is a incomplete flower?
a flower missing one or more whorls
what is a perfect flower?
a flower that contains both microsporangia and megasporangia
what kind of lifecycle do angiosperms have?
a sporic life cycle
are angiosperms hetero of homosporous
heterosporous with separate male and female gametophytes
describe the microgametophyte of angiosperms
pollen .•Extremely reduced •(just 2 cells, tube cell, generative cell ). •Free living. •Pollen
do angiosperm pollen have antheridia?
no
is water required for fertilization of angiosperms?
no
do angiosperm sperm have flagella?
no
describe the megagametophyte of angiosperms
- Extremely reduced
- Megagametophytereduced to 7 cells with 8 nuclei. (embryo sac)
- Antipodals(3)
- Polar nuclei (2)
- Egg (1)
- Synergids(2)
are the megagametophytes of angiosperms dependent or independent of the sporophyte?
they are independent
are there any archegonia in the megagamtophyte of angiosperm
no
describe the embryo sac of angiosperms
Reduced megagametophyte in angiosperms
angiosperm pollen develops following what event
Develops following meiosis in anther = Microsporangium
Pollen grain part:
•Exine
outer wall,
•sporopollenin
•Protection vs. UV, desiccation, pathogens.
•Pores/apertures for pollen tube initiation
pollen grain part:
•Intine
Inner wall, •cellulose & pectins
pollen grain part:
•Pollen coat
Coats Exine
•scented, pigmented, enzyme rich.
pollination and fertilization of angiosperms
1) Pollen attaches to stigma.
2) Pollen tube grows through style & ovary to Ovule.
3) Sperm travel to egg and polar nuclei.
4) Double Fertilization-zygote-endosperm (3n)
5) Growth of endosperm post fertilization.(compare to gymnosperm megagametophyte)
describe wind pollinated flowers
small and not brightly colored
what are some signals and rewards that animal pollinated flowers use to attract animals?
signals: petal color, patterns, and scents
rewards: pollen, nectar, and the ovary wall
fruit
mature ovary + Accessory tissue fused to Ovary
simple fruit
formed from one carpel
ex: Cherry, peach, apple
aggregate fruit
Formed from many carpels in a single flower.
ex: Blackberry, Strawberry
multiple fruit
formed from multiple flowers in an inflorescence.
ex: Pineapple
accessory fruit
Contain non-ovary tissue.
ex:(Apple, Strawberry)
true or false: accessory fruits can be simple, aggregate of multiple
true
types of fleshy fruit
drupes, berries, and pommes
drupes
one seed, thin exocarp, stony endocarp (cherry)
berries
one to many seeds, all parts fleshy (tomato)
pomes
Inferior ovary, flesh derived from receptacle (apple)
types of dry fruit?
dehiscent and indehiscent
dehiscent fruit
split open at maturity (release seeds)
indehiscent fruit
do not split open at maturity (retain seeds:
types of dehiscent fruit
follicle
legum
silique
capsule
types of dehiscent fruit
follicle splits where
splits along one side (milkweed)
types of dehiscent fruit
legume splits where
splits along both sides (beans)
types of dehiscent fruit
silique splits where
Two carpels, splits away from central partition (mustard)
types of dehiscent fruit
capsule splits where
Compound ovary, varying seed dispersal (poppy)`
indehiscent fruit splits when
it doesnt. It retains seeds
types of indehiscent fruits
Achene
Attached to pericarp
types of indehiscent fruits
cypsela
Achene-like fruit derived from inferior ovary
types of indehiscent fruits
samara
Winged achenes
types of indehiscent fruits
caryopsis
grasses
types of indehiscent fruits
nut
acorns
types of indehiscent fruits schizocarp
Splits into two or more one seeded portions at maturity
how can root seeds be dispursed
Seeds can be wind-or animal-or water-dispersed.
