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Botany > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

6 Major Charophytecharacteristics

A
  • Phragmoplast
  • Branching growth
  • Apical Growth
  • Oogamy
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Retention of Egg in archegonium
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2
Q

main lineages of embryophytes

A
  • Chlorophytes

- Streptophytes

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3
Q

novel features of embryophytes

A
  1. Embryo: zygote retained, nourished by gametophyte (matrotrophy)
  2. Cuticle
  3. Sporopolenin walled spores(decay resistant)
  4. Antheridia & Archegonia with sterile jacket
  5. Sporic life cycle
  6. (Stomata)
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4
Q

types of bryophytes

A
  • Marchantiophyta: Liverworts
  • Bryophyta: Mosses
  • Anthocerophyta: Hornworts
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5
Q

types of Polysporangiophytes

A
  • Protracheophytes

* Vascular Plants

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6
Q

Bryophyte Characteristics

A
  1. Embryo: zygote retained, nourished by gametophyte (matrotrophy)
  2. Cuticle
  3. Sporopoleninwalled spores(decay resistant)
  4. Antheridia & Archegonia with sterile jacket
  5. Sporiclife cycle
  6. (Stomata)
  7. Gametophyte Dominant & Sporophyte Dependent
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7
Q

what kind of life cycle does a bryophyte have

A

a sporic life cycle

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8
Q

is the gametophyte or sporophyte generation dominant in bryophytes

A

the gametophyte

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9
Q

is the gametophyte or sporophyte generation dependent in bryophytes

A

the sporophyte

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10
Q

is water required for fertilization in bryophytes?

A

yes

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11
Q

what develops in spores in the life cycle of bryophytes?

A

protonema

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12
Q

protonema

A

the first stage in development of the gamtophyte of mosses and certain liverworts

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13
Q

describe the gametophyte of bryophytes

A

Gametophyte: free living and dominant.

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14
Q

describe the sporophyte of bryophytes?

A

Sporophyte: dependent on gametophyte.

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15
Q

how are spores dispersed in bryophytes

A

by the wind

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16
Q

do bryophytes require water for fertilization

A

yes

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17
Q

what is matrotrophy

A

penetrating to a form of nutrition provided by the maternal gametophyte, such as a moss gametophyte providing nutrients to the zygote and developing sporophyte

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18
Q

describe the matrotophy of bryophytes

A

gametophyte provides nourishment to developing sporophyte

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19
Q

do bryophytes have true vascular tissue?

A

no

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20
Q

how is water transported in bryophytes

A

water transports external via capillary action.

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21
Q

hydroids

A

elongate transport cells, no lignin, water permeable. (in some mosses)

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22
Q

leptoids

A

food conducting cells similar to phloem. (in some mosses)

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23
Q

do bryophytes have true leaves

A

no

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24
Q

true or false, bryophytes have roots

A

false

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25
Q

what is the function of a rhizoids

A

attachment

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26
Q

do bryophytes have hydroids and leptoids?

A

no

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27
Q

what bryophyte phylum do liverworts belong to

A

marchantiophyta

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28
Q

how many species of liverworts are there

A

approximately 6000

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29
Q

describe the morphology of a liverworts

A
  • Leafy or…
  • Thalus: Undifferentiated tissue.
  • Cuticle with pores for gas exchange.
  • No stomata.
  • Rhizoids for attachment, no absorption.
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30
Q

what kind of environments do liverworts reproduce in?

A

moist, cool, and shady environments

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31
Q

do liverworts have sexual or asexual reproduction

A

both

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32
Q

how does asexual reproduction happen in liverworts?

A

fragmentation and gemmae

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33
Q

do liverworts require water for sexual reproduction?

A

yes

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34
Q

what is the function of an antheridia

A

to produce sperm located on the top surface of the disc.

35
Q

what is the male gametophyte of a liverwort

A

antheridia

36
Q

what is the function of an archegonia

A

to produce eggs

37
Q

what is the function of the female gametophyte of of liverworts

A

to make the gametes

38
Q

what is the female gametophyte of a liverwort

A

archegonia

39
Q

bryophyta consists of the ____

A

mosses

40
Q

what is the diversity of the bryophytes

A
  1. sphagnidae
  2. andreaeidae
  3. bryidae
41
Q

how many species of sphagnidae are there?

A

less than 400 species

42
Q

how many species of andreaeidae are there

A

approximately 100 species

43
Q

how many species of bryidae are there?

A

less than 9500 species

44
Q

what are the morphological types of mosses?

A

cushiony and feathery

45
Q

how many cells thick are the leaves of mosses?

A

one

46
Q

do mosses have a cuticle with a stomata?

A

yes, in their sporophyte only

47
Q

do mosses have rhizoids? why?

A

for attachment and no absorbtion

48
Q

does sexual reproduction of mosses require water?

A

yes

49
Q

what kind of habitat do mosses reproduce in?

A

moist (sometimes transistently)

50
Q

do all mosses have a green gametophyte?

A

yes

51
Q

what are the male and female gametophytes of a moss

A

antheridia and archegonia

52
Q

do all mosses have a sporophyte?

A

yes

53
Q

where are spores made?

A

in the sporangium

54
Q

what is the gametophyte morphology of sphagnidae mosses?

A

Branching Stems, dead leaf cells have high water holding capacity (20x dry wt., cotton 5-6x)

55
Q

what are the functions of sphagnidae mosses?

A
  • Release H+into environment…forms bogs…

* Antiseptic properties.

56
Q

how are the spores of sphanidae mosses released?

A

they are released via explosive operculum

57
Q

how many species of adreaeidae mosses are there?

A

100 species

58
Q

what color are adreaeidae mosses

A

blackish green and reddish brown

59
Q

where do adreaeidae mosses grow?

A

on rocks

60
Q

describe the structure of protonema of adreaeidae mosses

A

they contain 2 rows of cells

61
Q

describe the structure of the rhizoids of adreaeidae mosses

A

they contain two rows of cells

62
Q

how many species of bryidae mosses are there?

A

less than 9500 species

63
Q

describe the protonema of bryidae mosses

A

thy are one cell thick

64
Q

describe the structure of the leaves of bryidae mosses

A

they are one cell thick

65
Q

what is the function of hydroids and leptoids in bryidae mosses

A

internal water transport

66
Q

do bryidae mosses have stomata?

A

only in the sporophyte and some only have one guard cell

67
Q

what are the parts of the sporangium of bryidae mosses

A

the capsule
the calyptra
the peristome
and the operculum

68
Q

what is a operculum?

A

the cap of the sporangium of bryidae mosses

69
Q

what is a calyptra?

A

the covering of the sporangium of bryidae mosses

70
Q

what is a capsule?

A

the sporangium of bryidae mosses

71
Q

how are spores dispersed in bryidae mosses

A

by wind

72
Q

what is the function of the peristome in bryidae mosses

A

spore dispersal

73
Q

what byrophyte phylum do hornworts belong to?

A

antherocerophyta

74
Q

how many species of hornworts are there?

A

aproximately 100

75
Q

what is the morphology of hornworts?

A
  • Similar to liverworts
  • Cuticlewith stomata (sporophyte only)
  • Rhizoids for attachment, no absorbtion.
  • Single large chloroplast (most species)
  • Placenta & meristematicregion at base of sporophyte.
76
Q

what is the function of hornworts?

A

they are a host for N-fixing Nostoccyanobacteria.

77
Q

what kind of reproduction do hornworts have

A

sexual reproduction

78
Q

do hornworts require water for sexual reproduciton?

A

yes

79
Q

what kind of habitat do hornworts reproduce in?

A

moist environments

80
Q

what is the ancestor of bryophytes?

A

Aglaophyton major

81
Q

describe Aglaophyton major

A
  • they had no vascular tissue
  • they had hydroids and leptoids
  • they had terminal sporangia
82
Q

how did early bryophytes reproduce?

A

with alternation of Isomorphic generations.

83
Q

are bryophytes primitive?

A
  • Many bryophytes (mosses) can withstand intense desiccation and recover rapidly upon rehydration.
  • Survive Freeze drying!!!
  • Few Vascular Plants can.

Botany (8 decks)

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