Lecture 23 Flashcards by Jesse Jolly

Coelom

A body cavity lined with mesoderm; examples include pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, abdominopelvic cavity

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Peritoneum

Mesodermal membranes associated with a true coelom; serous membranes; examples include the parietal membrane (lines walls of the coelom) and visceral membrane (covers the viscera within the retroperitoneal)

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Retroperitoneal

Refers to structures that lie behind the peritoneum; example would be the kidney

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Mesenteries

Double membranes connecting the parietal and visceral peritoneum; may be referred to as ligaments in some instances; mesentery proper attaches to small intestine from duodenojejunal flexure to ileocecal junction (composed of two layers of peritoneum that enclose vessels and nerves to small intestine); other mesenteries include transverse and sigmoid mesocolons

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Functions of Mesenteries

Support viscera and provide pathways for blood vessels and nerves to reach viscera

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Liver

Largest visceral organ (1/40th body weight); lies mostly in upper right portion of abdominal cavity; projects superiorly to xiphisternal junction; projects left as far as apex of heart; projects inferiorly to midpoint between xiphoid process and umbilicus; encased in fibrous capsule and covered by visceral peritoneum except the bare area that is in contact with underside of diaphragm

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Falciform Ligament

Runs to umbilicus; encloses ligamentum teres; projects anteriorly between right and left lobes to posterior side of anterior body wall

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Functions of Liver

Detoxification of blood, storage of glycogen, secretion of bile, protein synthesis such as blood proteins including clotting factors

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Coronary Ligaments of Liver

Reflect to inferior surface of diaphragm; surround bare area; reflected peritoneum on superior surface of liver

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Triangular Ligaments of Liver

Represent double folds of coronary ligaments

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Liver Surfaces

Diaphragmatic (anterior, superior, some inferior), bare area, visceral (posteroinferior), gastric (contacts stomach), renal (contacts right kidney/suprarenal gland), duodenal (contacts duodenum), colic (contacts right colic flexure), and fossa for gall bladder

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Liver Recesses

Subphrenic recess (between liver and diaphragm) and hepatorenal recess/Morrison’s Pouch (between liver and right kidney/suprarenal gland

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Portal Hepatis

Entry point for portal triad; hepatic portal vein (posterior), common (proper) hepatic artery (anterior left), and common hepatic duct (anterior right)

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Lobes of Liver

Right is largest; left is smaller than right but still larger than caudate and quadrate

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Caudate Lobe of Liver

Posterior to quadrate; separated from left lobe by lesser omentum; separated from right lobe by porta hepatis and IVC

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Quadrate Lobe of Liver

Anterior to caudate lobe

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Porta Hepatis

Transverse fissure separating caudate and quadrate lobes; transmits right/left hepatic ducts, right/left hepatic arteries, right/left branches of portal vein, and autonomic plexus and lymphatics

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Ligamentum Teres

Embryological remnant of umbilical vein; projects inferiorly from falciform ligament

Ligamentum Venosum

Embryological remnant of ductus venosus; shunted blood from umbilical vein to IVC

Lesser Omentum

Extends from liver to lesser curvature of stomach; encloses portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, biliary ducts)

Right Hepatic Duct

From right lobe to common hepatic duct

Left Hepatic Duct

From left lobe to common hepatic duct

Common Bile Duct

Common hepatic duct plus cystic duct

What are the ducts of the liver?

Right/left hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, cystic duct

What makes up the biliary system?

Gallbladder, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, common bile duct

Gallbladder

Lies between quadrate and right lobe; pear-shaped organ; functions to store and concentrate bile

Common Hepatic Duct

From union of right/left hepatic ducts of liver; accompanied by portal vein and proper hepatic artery

Cystic Duct

Connects common hepatic duct to gall bladder; contains spiral valve that keeps the duct open

Common Bile Duct

Formed by union of common hepatic duct and cystic duct; opens into duodenum with main pancreatic duct

Portal System

Venous connection between two organs other than the heart; vein connecting two capillary beds; examples include hepatic, hypophyseal, and renal (not in mammals)

Stomach

Located in epigastric and left hypochondriac regions and upper left quadrant

Cardiac Region of Stomach

Surrounds cardiac orifice where esophagus enters the stomach; cardiac notch is located between the esophagus and the fundus of the stomach

Fundus Region of Stomach

Dome-shaped superior region above the esophagocardiac line; often contains gas

Body Region of Stomach

Major part of stomach between fundus and pyloric antrum (angular notch)

Pylorus Region of Stomach

Funnel-shaped region feeding into duodenum; pyloric antrum is the wide portion of the pylorus; pyloric canal is the narrow portion of the pylorus; pyloric sphincter controls rate of entry of chyme into duodenum

Greater Curvature of Stomach

Long convex border of stomach; related to greater omentum

Lesser Curvature of Stomach

Short concave border of stomach; related to lesser omentum

Greater Omentum of Stomach and Ligaments

Extends from greater curvature of stomach and folds back to attach to posterior abdominal wall; apron-like fold that covers transverse colon and small intestine; attached with gastrosplenic, gastrophrenic, and gastrocolic ligaments

Lesser Omentum of Stomach and Ligaments

Extends from lesser curvature of stomach to liver; hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments

Rugae of Stomach

Internal longitudinal ridges; allow expansion of stomach

Hiatal Hernia

Protrusion of stomach through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm

Arterial Supply to Stomach

Left gastric artery (branch off celiac trunk), right gastric artery (branch of common hepatic), left gastroepiploic (gastroomental) artery (from splenic artery), right gastroepiploic (gastroomental) artery (from gastroduodenal), and short gastric arteries (from splenic artery) ***Venous drainage is via accompanying veins to portal vein***

Lymphatic Drainage of Stomach

Lesser curvature drains to 10-20 left gastric nodes; left gastric nodes drain to celiac nodes; celiac nodes drain to intestinal nodes to left lumbar trunk to cisterna chyli; greater curvature drains to 3-4 pancreaticolineal nodes; lower side of stomach drains to 6-12 gastroepiploic nodes, which drain to 6-8 pyloric nodes, which drain to hepatic nodes