Lecture 20

Question 1

Visceral Pleura

Answer 1

Covers and follows indentations of lung

Question 2

Parietal Pleura

Answer 2

Lines thoracic cavity; subdivisions of the parietal pleura include: costal pleura that lines the ribs, diaphragmatic pleura that covers the diaphragm, mediastinal pleura lies against the mediastinum, and the cervical pleura extends above the level of the first rib

Question 3

Pleural Recesses

Answer 3

Large spaces or recesses formed by the reflection of parietal pleura from one area to another

Question 4

Costodiaphragmatic Recess

Answer 4

Space where costal and diaphragmatic pleura meet

Question 5

Costomediastinal Recess

Answer 5

Space where mediastinal and costal pleura meet; allows for expansion of lungs during inspiration

Question 6

Pulmonary Ligament

Answer 6

Transition between visceral and parietal pleura at root of the lung; creates a tubular passageways through which pass the airways, veins, arteries, lymphatics, and nerves

Question 7

Pleura Reflections

Answer 7

Cervical dome of pleura = pleural cupula; level with neck of first rib; anteriorly, 1.5 - 2.5cm above the sternal end of the clavicle; anterior margin extends obliquely behind the sternoclavicular joint

Question 8

Pleural Lines of Reflection

Answer 8

At sternal angle, the pleura is at the median line and two sides stay in contact until the 4th costal cartilage

Question 9

Right Side of Pleural Lines of Reflection

Answer 9

Leaves sternum at 7th costal cartilage, 8th costal cartilage at midclavicular line, 10th rib at axillary line, 11th rib at scapular line, extends to level of body of T12 and then ascends

Question 10

Left Side of Pleural Lines of Reflection

Answer 10

Pleura is displaced because of displacement by the heart, leaves sternum at IC space 5; 1.5 cm from sternal margin at 6th costal cartilage; follows same landmarks as right side from this point

Question 11

Right Lung Projections

Answer 11

Follows rib 1 to sternoclavicular joint, located at median plane at sternal angle; extends along median plane from 2nd costal cartilage to 4th costal cartilage; leaves sternum at 6th rib at midclavicular line, 8th rib at axillary line, 10th rib at scapular line; ends opposite T11

Question 12

Left Lung Projections

Answer 12

Cardiac notch begins at 4th costal cartilage, horizontal at parasternal line; medial to costochondral junction at 6th cartilage

Question 13

Oblique Fissure

Answer 13

Found in both right and left lungs; separates superior and inferior lobes; begins at base of scapular spine, at 5-6th rib at midaxillary line; ends at 6th costochondral junction

Question 14

Horizontal Fissure

Answer 14

Found only in right lung; separates superior and middles lobes; begins at axillary line, follows rib 4

Question 15

Lobes and Lobules (bronchopulmonary segments)

Answer 15

Lobes: 3 on right, 2 on left; supplied by secondary bronchi

Lobules: 10 on right, 8 on left; supplied by tertiary bronchi

Question 16

Lobules of Superior Lobe of Right Lung

Answer 16

Apical, posterior, anterior lobule

Question 17

Lobules of Middle Lobe of Right Lung

Answer 17

Lateral and medial

Question 18

Lobules of Inferior Lobe of Right Lung

Answer 18

Superior, anterior basal, medial basal, lateral basal, and posterior basal

Question 19

Lobules of Superior Lobe of Left Lung

Answer 19

Apicoposterior, anterior, and lingular; lingular lobule is homologous to middle lobe of right lung and is divided into superior and inferior lobules

Question 20

Lobules of Inferior Lobe of Left Lung

Answer 20

Superior, anterior basal, medial basal, lateral basal, and posterior basal

Question 21

Trachea

Answer 21

Supported by “C” shaped cartilage segments; in superior mediastinum, anterior to esophagus; bifurcates into primary bronchi at sternal angle

Question 22

Carina

Answer 22

Located at inferior end of trachea where it branches into the two primary bronchi; produces intense cough reflex when foreign bodies encounter it

Question 23

Primary Bronchi

Answer 23

Supported by cartilaginous rings; right bronchus is shorter, straighter, and larger than left (aspirated objects more commonly follow right bronchus); gives off three secondary bronchi superior to superior lobe of right lung, middle to middle lobe of right lung, and inferior to inferior lobe of right lung

Question 24

Left Bronchus

Answer 24

Twice as long as right primary bronchus; gives off 2 secondary bronchi superior to superior lobe of right lung and inferior to inferior lobe of right lung

Question 25

What is the angle between primary bronchi?

Answer 25

62 degrees

Question 26

Secondary Bronchi

Answer 26

Supply the lobes

Question 27

Tertiary Bronchi

Answer 27

Supply the lobules (bronchopulmonary segments)

Question 28

Respiratory Bronchi

Answer 28

First site where gas exchange can occur

Question 29

Pulmonary Arteries

Answer 29

1 to each lung; arises from pulmonary trunk, carries deoxygenated blood, part of root of lung

Question 30

Lobar Arteries

Answer 30

1 to each lobe, superior lobar artery generally branches off within pulmonary root; others branch off within the lung

Question 31

Segmental Arteries

Answer 31

To segments; intrasegmental

Question 32

Pulmonary Veins

Answer 32

2 from each lung; intersegmental

Question 33

Bronchial Arteries

Answer 33

Intrasegmental, supply tissues of lungs; two left bronchial arteries from thoracic aorta, right bronchial artery origin is variable but usually from first aortic intercostal artery

Question 34

Bronchial Veins

Answer 34

Right to azygos vein; left to accessory hemiazygos vein or left superior intercostal veins

Question 35

Anterior and Posterior Plexus of Lungs

Answer 35

Lie anterior and posterior to roots of lungs, contain parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve (CN X); contain sympathetic fibers from T1-4; related to esophageal and aortic plexuses posteriorly