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Anatomy Exam 3 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the visceral pericardium (also known as epicardium)?

A

Serous membrane, arterial mesocardium, venous mesocardium

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2
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Fused to fibrous pericardium; fused with central tendon of diaphragm (pericardiacophrenic ligament); fused with sternum (superior/inferior sternopericardial ligaments)

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3
Q

Transverse Sinus

A

Space between arterial and venous mesocardium

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4
Q

Oblique Sinus

A

Space between right and left pulmonary veins

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5
Q

Blood Supply to Pericardium

A

Pericardial arteries, pericardiacophrenic arteries, and musculophrenic arteries

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6
Q

Nerve Supply to Pericardium

A

CN X, phrenic nerve, and sympathetic trunk

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7
Q

Cardiac Projections

A

Apex is down and to the left, base of heart is superior to apex (upside down triangle), base projection is a horizontal plane across sternum at level of costal cartilage 3 and ends 2 cm to left of left parasternal line, apex projection is at 5th intercostal space 8 cm (interclavicular line) to left of median line of sternum; pericardium extends up to sternal angle

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8
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium and subserous layer of connective tissue

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9
Q

Myocardium

A

Thickest and made of cardiac muscle tissue

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10
Q

Endocardium

A

Endothelium

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11
Q

Annuli Fibrosi

A

4 interlocking fibrous rings interconnected with membranous portion of interventricular septum

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12
Q

Functions of Annuli Fibrosi

A

Rigid attachment for cardiac muscle fibers and offers support for valves

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13
Q

Base

A

Posterior aspect of heart; mostly left atrium and small part of right atrium

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14
Q

Apex

A

Located at intercostal space 5 medial to nipple; formed from left ventricle

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15
Q

Diaphragmatic Surface

A

Rests on diaphragm; mostly left ventricle and a small part of right

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16
Q

Sternocostal Surface

A

Faces anteriorly; mostly right ventricle

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17
Q

Left Margin (Border)

A

Left side of heart; formed mostly of left ventricle and left auricle

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18
Q

Inferior Margin (Border)

A

Intersection of diaphragmatic and sternocostal surfaces; formed mostly from right ventricle

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19
Q

Superior Border

A

Left and right atria and auricles

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20
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Supply blood to the heart; are the direct and only branches off the ascending aorta

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21
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A

Passes between pulmonary trunk and right auricle to the coronary sulcus, follows coronary sulcus to diaphragmatic surface and anastomoses with left coronary artery; supplies right atrium, ventricle, and posterior half of interventricular septum

22
Q

Branches of Right Coronary Artery

A

Artery to SA node, artery to AV node, right marginal artery, and posterior interventricular artery (posterior descending artery (PDA))

23
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

Passes between pulmonary trunk and left atrium; supplies left atrium, ventricle, and anterior half of interventricular septum

24
Q

Branches of Left Coronary Artery

A

Anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending (LAD)), circumflex artery, and left marginal artery

25
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

Located in posterior coronary sulcus, opens into right atrium, direct continuation of great cardiac vein; consists of great, middle, and small cardiac veins

26
Q

Right Atrium

A

Receives blood from superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, and anterior cardiac veins; large, thin walled chamber; divided into main posterior cavity (sinus venarum) and anterior cavity (auricle, lined with pectinate muscles)

27
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Receives blood from right atrium; thicker walled than right atrium; made up of trabeculae carnae and a moderator band (septomarginal trabecula) that conveys right branch of atriocentricular bundle

28
Q

What is found within or off of the right ventricle?

A

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid), chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, pulmonary valve (formed from three semilunar cusps), and pulmonary trunk (divides into left and right pulmonary arteries)

29
Q

Left Atrium

A

Receives blood from four pulmonary veins; smaller, thicker walled than right atrium; posterior smooth portion receives pulmonary veins; anterior portion (auricle) with pectinate muscles

30
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Wall is 2-3x as thick as wall of right ventricle; trabeculae carnae are less coarse than those of right ventricle; no moderator band; 2 large papillary muscles (anterior and posterior)

31
Q

What is found within the left ventricle?

A

Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid/mitral) and aortic valve (composed of three semilunar cusps)

32
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

A

Referred to as pacemaker of the heart; located in right atrium near opening of SVC at superior end of sulcus terminalis; receives direct stimulation from sympathetic cardiac nerves and parasympathetic vagus nerves

33
Q

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

A

Located in interatrial septum near tricuspid valve

34
Q

Interventricular Bundle

A

Descends through channel in fibrous skeleton; reaches membranous interventricular septum; only connection between myocardium of atria and that of ventricles; divides into two bundles in membranous septum (right crus/bundle branches passes through moderator band and left crus/bundle branches)

35
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

Terminal endings of bundle fibers; embedded in myocardium of ventricle

36
Q

Ascending Aorta

A

Runs behind sternum to sternal angle; only branches are the two coronary arteries

37
Q

Arch of Aorta

A

Lies within superior mediastinum; arches to the left over the left pulmonary artery; apex of the arch reaches the middle of the manubrium; three main branches are the brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian

38
Q

Anterior Relationships of Arch of Aorta

A

Left phrenic nerve, left vagus nerve, and superficial cardiac plexus

39
Q

Inferior Relationships of Arch of Aorta

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve, ligamentum arteriosum, pulmonary trunk, and left primary bronchus

40
Q

Posterior Relationships of Arch of Aorta

A

Trachea and left recurrent laryngeal nerve

41
Q

Descending Aorta

A

Lies within posterior mediastinum; begins at level of sternal angle; ends in front of thoracic vertebra 12 and is continuous with abdominal aorta

42
Q

Branches of Descending Aorta

A

Paired intercostal arteries, paired subcostal arteries, two or more bronchial arteries. and two to five esophageal arteries

43
Q

Supreme Intercostal Artery

A

From costocervical trunk of subclavian artery; supplies IC spaces 1 and 2

44
Q

Internal Thoracic Arteries

A

Arise within root of neck; descend lateral to sternum

45
Q

Branches of Thoracic Arteries

A

musculophrenic (terminal) to diaphragm and intercostal spaces 7-9, superior epigastric (terminal), pericardiacophrenic arteries which accompany phrenic nerve and supplies pericardium, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragm; also perforating branches that accompany anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves and are largest in intercostal spaces 2-4 in females

46
Q

Right Brachiocephalic Vein

A

Formed from right internal jugular and right subclavian; tributary is right internal intercostal vein

47
Q

Left Brachiocephalic Vein

A

Formed from left internal jugular and left subclavian; tributaries are left internal thoracic, left superior intercostal, and inferior thyroid veins

48
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

Formed from right and left brachiocephalic vein and receives blood from azygos vein

49
Q

Azygos Vein

A

Forms in abdomen from right subcostal vein and right ascending lumbar vein; drains all posterior intercostal veins except first and receives blood from the bronchial and esophageal veins

50
Q

Hemiazygos Vein

A

Forms in abdomen from left subcostal vein and left ascending lumbar vein; receives four posterior intercostal veins, crosses over thoracic vertebrae at T8 level, and empties into azygos

Azygos system drains most of blood from thoracic wall, consists of longitudinal veins lying on either side of thoracic vertebral bodies. It is variable

51
Q

Accessory Hemiazygos Vein

A

Drains intercostal spaces 4-7(8) on left side; crosses over thoracic vertebrae at T7 level and empties into azygos vein

Intercostal space 1 is drained by the supreme intercostal vein emptying into the brachiocephalic vein

Anatomy Exam 3 (10 decks)

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