lecture 23

Question 1

parts of the large intestine

Answer 1

cecum, colon, rectum

Question 2

where does the appendix attach and what does the appendix do

Answer 2

it attaches to the blind ended pouch of the cecum, the veriform appendix is a reserve for bacteria in the large intestine

Question 3

functions of the large intestine

Answer 3

store and expel faeces, be lubricated so it can expel faeces in defacation, also absorb water

Question 4

what are the series of pouches we see on the large intestine called

Answer 4

haustra

Question 5

what are the sacs of fat on the large intestine called

Answer 5

the omental appendices

Question 6

describe the changes to the musculares of the large intestine

Answer 6

there is still the inner circular layer but the outer longitudinal layer is in 3 bands called the teniae coli. these 3 bands allow for stronger contractions of the large intestine

Question 7

describe mucosa of the large intestine

Answer 7

no villi, flat, but has invaginations of mucous glands. these having mucous cells to help and lubricate the large intestine so it can better move faeces along

Question 8

what are the anal columns

Answer 8

the point where rectum changes to anus. epithelia also changes going from simple columnar to stratified squamous

Question 9

describe the defecation reflex

Answer 9

the movement of faeces into the rectum stimulates stretch receptors, this relaxes the internal anal sphincter, from there we then have conscious control of defaecation as external sphincter can then relax, causing muscular contractions to expel faeces from the body.

Question 10

describe gall bladder shape and functions

Answer 10

its a hollow organ that is below the liver, it stores and concentrates bile and releases said bile to the small intestine connecting to the cystic duct via the bile duct.

Question 11

bile stones are when

Answer 11

the gall bladder becomes obstructed

Question 12

how much of cardiac output does the liver receive and describe its make up

Answer 12

25% of cardiac output, of which 1/3 of blood supply to liver from hepatic artery (not shown)
* 2/3 from hepatic portal vein

Question 13

describe the make up of the liver

Answer 13

the liver is made of lobes, which are broken down into the units of lobules in each lobule are rows of hepatocytes, between these rows and cells are sinusoidal capillaries

Question 14

what is between hepatocytes

Answer 14

bile canaliculi

Question 15

at the corner of each lobule are what, what makes these up

Answer 15

at the corner of each lobule are portal triads. within these triads are a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct

Question 16

describe path of blood through lobules

Answer 16

Blood runs through the sinusoidal capillaries toward the central vein. Running passed the hepatocytes. These hepatocytes detox the blood, which then passes into central vein.

Question 17

describe path of bile through the lobule

Answer 17

The hepatocytes make bile, the bile goes into the canaliculi where it then goes into bile ducts.

Question 18

where does bile duct join the pancreatic duct

Answer 18

Bile duct joins pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla