lecture 14

Question 1

whats the role of respiratory tract

Answer 1

Connected organs and structures that function to conduct clean, warm & moist air into close proximity with the blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange.

Question 2

what 3 qualities of air are needed in the respiratory tract

Answer 2

clean, warm and moist

Question 3

what are the main components of the respiratory system

Answer 3

upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract and the thoracic cavity, joints and respiratory muscles

Question 4

what makes mucosa

Answer 4

• epithelia
• attached via a basement
  membrane
• to the lamina propria
• connective tissue
• may contain glands

Question 5

whats below the mucosa and whats its make up

Answer 5

• Below this is usually a
  submucosal layer
• More connective tissue
• depending on region, may
  contain many glands

Question 6

full name of respiratory epithelium

Answer 6

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

Question 7

where is respiratory epithelium found

Answer 7

Found in nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

Question 8

explain the respiratory epithelium

Answer 8

Pseudostratified means falsely stratified. The epithelial cells have a layered appearance however they all extend down and touch the basement membrane.
Columnar as the cells are that shape.

Question 9

what do the goblet cells do in the respiratory mucosa

Answer 9

Goblet cells produce mucus
* Traps debris, moistens air

Question 10

what do the ciliated cells do in respiratory mucosa

Answer 10

• Ciliated cells
• Patterned movement pushes mucus towards pharynx
• Swallowed and digested by stomach acid

Question 11

what are the 3 components of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 11

Nose & Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx

Question 12

what are the 3 parts of pharynx

Answer 12

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 13

functions of URT

Answer 13

Conducting passage (not only air)
- Prepares air for respiratory
membrane (gas exchange)
- Warm
- Clean
- Moist
- Paranasal sinuses - resonating
chambers for speech
- Olfaction – sensory receptors

Question 14

whats the science name for nostrils

Answer 14

External nares

Question 15

whats the vestibule and describe function

Answer 15

the part just inside the nose which leads to the nasal cavity, has sebaceous and sweat
glands, hair follicles also Vibrissae (hairs) filter inhaled air

Question 16

what makes up the nose

Answer 16

Cartilages, two nasal bones, nostrils and vestibules

Question 17

describe nose cartilages and their function

Answer 17

Soft, flexible
* Maintain patent (unobstructed) airway

Question 18

whats the joint of the nasal bones

Answer 18

hyaline cartilage

Question 19

what makes the boundaries of the nasal cavity

Answer 19

Roof of cavity formed by ethmoid (green) & sphenoid (purple) bones
* Floor of cavity formed by hard and soft palates
* Conchae on lateral walls

Question 20

describe the structure and make-up of the choncae

Answer 20

Three projections
* Superior, middle and inferior conchae (turbinates)
* Covered by respiratory epithelium

Question 21

what do the choncae do

Answer 21

These are covered in respiratory epithelium. They swirl air inside the cavity making the particles stick to the mucosa of the conchae, but swirling also gives more time for warming and humidifying air, also gives time for olfactory detection.

Question 22

whats nasal epithelium

Answer 22

its mostly in the Nasal cavity and its Mostly respiratory epithelium
* Plus, specialized area of olfactory epithelium
* Area on roof of nasal cavity, contains smell (olfactory) receptors

Question 23

wheres the vascular plexus and what does it do?

Answer 23

In the nasal cavity there is also a thin walled vascular plexus. This helps to warm incoming air.
When the air temperature is low the plexus dilates and greater heat transfer occurs. When these damage is a nose bleed.

Question 24

what does paranasal mean

Answer 24

surrounding the bone

Question 25

what are the paranasal sinuses lined with and where do they drain

Answer 25

• Lined with respiratory mucosa
• Drain into pharynx

Question 26

what do the paranasal sinuses do. what makes blocked sinuses

Answer 26

Lighten skull
* Increased surface area to clean, warm, moisten air
* Sound resonance
* Infected mucus can block drainage = blocked sinuses

Question 27

describe placment and structure of nasopharynx

Answer 27

Posterior to the nasal cavity
* From internal nares to soft palate.
it also has the pharyngeal tonsils in this area

Question 28

what do the soft palate and the uvula do in the nasopharynx

Answer 28

Soft palate and uvula block the nasopharynx
during swallowing to prevent food from entering
the nasal cavity

Question 29

what else drains into the nasopharynx, what does this mean

Answer 29

Auditory tubes drain here from the middle ear. this means throat infections can too cause infections of the middle ear.

Question 30

what epithelium is in each part of the pharynx and why

Answer 30

oropharynx and laryngopharynx Stratified squamous epithelium = protection
against abrasion from food passing through.
nasopharynx has respiratory mucosa as its an air passage only

Question 31

where is the oropharynx

Answer 31

Posterior to oral cavity
* From soft palate to hyoid bone

Question 32

what tonsils do we find in the oropharynx

Answer 32

palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

Question 33

where do we find the laryngopharynx

Answer 33

From hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of esophagus. Ends at level where respiratory
and digestive tracts diverge