Lecture 22 Pathology of Endocrine System

Question 1

What is the most common thyroid cancer

Answer 1

Papillary Carcinoma- BRAF/RET/PTC

Question 2

Causes of primary hyperfucntion of parathyroid gland

Answer 2

• Sporadic
• MEN-1
• Adenoma- most common
• Hyperplasia
• Carcinoma (rare)

Question 3

Causes of secondary hyperfucntion of parathyroid gland

Answer 3

• Physiological response to reduced calcium renal failure

Question 4

Cause of acute adrenal insufficiency

Answer 4

• Meningococcal Septicaemia- Waterhouse Friderichsen

Question 5

Causes of chronic adrenal insufficiency

Answer 5

• Primary- Addison
• Autoimmune
• Infections-TB, fungus HIV related infections
• Replacement – metastatic carcinoma amyloidosis
• Atrophy- prolonged steroid therapy
• Congenital hypoplasia
• Secondary- Pituitary failure

Question 6

What are the causes of MEN1 Wemer Syndrome

Answer 6

– Parathyroid hyperplasia and adenomas
– Pancreatic and duodenal endocrine tumours (hypoglycaemia and ulcers)
– Pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma)

Question 7

What are the causes of MEN2

Answer 7

– Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
– Phaeochromocytoma
– MEN 2A (Sipple syndrome) + Parathyroid hyperplasia
– MEN 2B
– + Neuromas of skin &mucous membrane, skeletal abnormalities
– + Younger patients, aggressive