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Endocrine System > Lecture 2 The Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Lecture 2 The Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Name the principal organisers of the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

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2
Q

Name the structure that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

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3
Q

What is the posterior portion of the pituitary gland

A

An extension of the neural tissue

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4
Q

What is the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

A

True endocrine gland of epithelial origin

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5
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus

A

Integration centre for endocrine systems

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6
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located

A

Base of the brain, below the thalamus

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland loctaed

A

In a pocket in the sphenoid bone, directly below the hypothalamus

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8
Q

Name external stimuli that effects the hypothalamus

A 
Cold
Stress
Metabolic demand
Hydration status
Exercise
Day/Night
Menstrual cycle
Sleep
Breastfeeding
Pregnancy
Puberty
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9
Q

Name functions affected by the pituitary gland

A 
Adrenal
Thyroid
Gonadal
Lactation
Parturition
Growth
Water balance
Metabolism
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10
Q

What type of hormones do both the anterior and posterior pituitary release

A

Trophic and non-trophic

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11
Q

All hormones released by the hypothalamus are____

A

Neurohormones

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12
Q

All hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland are ____

A

Neurohormones (from hypothalamus)

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13
Q

All hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland are ___

A

Endocrine hotmones

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14
Q

Define Trophic Hormones

A

Neurohormones secreted into capillaries traveling to anterior pituitary and govern the release of secondary hormones

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15
Q

Define Non-trophic Hormones

A

Neurohormones produced in the hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary via axons where they are released into the blood

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16
Q

Name 5 hypothalamic “releasing hormones”

A

– Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)/(TSH)
– Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
– Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
– Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
– Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

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17
Q

Name 2 hypothalamic “inhibiting hormones”

A

– Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) aka somatostatin

– Dopamine aka Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

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18
Q

All hypothalamic hormones are peptides except_____

A

Dopamine

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19
Q

PRH causes the release of what anterior pituitary hormone

A

Prolactin–> Breast

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20
Q

TRH causes the release of what anterior pituitary hormone

A

TSH–> Thyroid gland

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21
Q

CRH causes the release of what anterior pituitary hormone

A

ACTH–> Adrenal Cortex

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22
Q

GHRH causes the release of what anterior pituitary hormone

A

GH

23
Q

GHIH inhibits what anterior pituitary hormone

A

GH

24
Q

GnRH causes the release of what anterior pituitary hormone(s)

A

FSH and lSG (Gonadotropins)–> endocrine cells of gonads

25
Q

PIH inhibits the release of what anterior pituitary hormone

A

Prolactin

26
Q

What is the Hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system

A

Network of tiny vessels which transfer trophy hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

27
Q

The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via

A

Capillary portal system (hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system)

28
Q

What is the anterior pituitary sometimes called

A

Adenohypophysis

Makes up 2/3rds of the gland

29
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland sometimes called

A

Neurohypophysis

Makes up 1/3rd of the gland

30
Q

What is the function of the Pars intermedia

A
  • Stimulates production of melanin (MSH)

* Sits between anterior and posterior pituitary

31
Q

Describe the short feedback loop

A

Trophic hormone has negative feedback on Hypothalamus

32
Q

Describe long feedback loop

A

End hormone from endocrine gland acts on anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus

33
Q

Name the 2 peptide neurohormones released from the posterior pituitary

A

 Vasopressin (aka anti-diuretic hormone; ADH)- maintains water balance, increase water retention
 Oxytocin- uterine contraction and lactation

34
Q

Where are the posterior pituitary peptide neurohormones synthesised

A

Magnocellular neurons

35
Q

What is the main function of vasopression

A

Regulates water balance

36
Q

What triggers vasopressin

A

Increase in plasma osmolarity

Decrease in plasma volume/blood pressure

37
Q

Site/mode of action of vasopression

A

Kidney collecting ducts- water reabsorption

Vascular smooth muscle- increase blood pressure

38
Q

What is the main function of oxytocin

A

Milk ejection and uterine contraction

39
Q

What triggers the release of oxytocin

A

Labour (baby’s head against cervix), Suckling

40
Q

Site/mode of action of oxytocin

A

Milk duct smooth muscle- contracts muscle, ejecting milk

Uterine smooth muscle- child birth

41
Q

Define hyposecretion

A

too little hormone secreted- disorders at any level of pituitary access

42
Q

Define hypersecretion

A

too much hormone secreted

43
Q

Define hypo responsiveness

A

reduced response of the target cell

44
Q

Define hyperresponsiveness

A

increased response of the target cell

45
Q

What are primary disorders

A

those in which the defect is in the cells that secrete the hormone (end hormone)- most common

46
Q

What are secondary disorders

A

those in which there is too little or too much trophic hormone from pituitary

47
Q

Wha are tertiary disorders

A

relate to hypothalamic defects

48
Q

What does hyporesponsiveness relate to

A

alterations in receptor for hormone, disordered post-receptor events or failure of metabolic activation of hormone, (where this is required for function).

49
Q

What could be the cause of hyper responsiveness

A

: could be due to permissive effects e.g. Thyroid hormone ++ adrenaline mediated lipolysis

50
Q

prolonged exposure to low hormone plasma leads to

A

Up-regulation of receptor number (increase tissue sensitivity)

51
Q

Prolonged exposure to high hormone plasma leads to

A

Down regulation of receptor umber (decrease tissue sensitivity)

52
Q

Define permissive effects

A

the presence of one hormone enhances the effect of another eg epinephrine causes only modest lipolysis in adipose tissue, but when thyroid hormones are also present, greatly increased lipolysis occurs.
TH  synthesis of receptors for epinephrine on adipocytes. TH itself has no effect on lipolysis but is permissive to epinephrine.

53
Q

Define Antagonistic effects

A

The presence of one hormone reduces the effect of another e.g. Growth hormone impairs glucose uptake in response to insulin by decreasing the number of insulin receptors on muscle and adipose tissue.

Endocrine System (26 decks)

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