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BIOC192 2024 > Lecture 22 - Energy Balances in Cells and Organisms > Flashcards

Lecture 22 - Energy Balances in Cells and Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A
  • The total energy within a system is constant
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed
  • Energy can be converted between forms
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2
Q

What does biochemistry rely on?

A

energy conversions

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3
Q

What happens during Anabolism?

A

Adding - Energy is used to make bigger molecules (fuel molecules)

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4
Q

What happens during catabolism?

A

Cutting - Respiration Energy released when large molecules broken down

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5
Q

What is the energy from ATP hydrolysis used for?

A

cellular work

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6
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

In chemical bonds and is released upon the breaking of the bond

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7
Q

What are the high energy bonds in ATP?

A

phosphoanhydride bonds

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8
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A
  • reaction where a chemical bond is broken using water
  • water molecule is consumed in the separation of a larger molecule into smaller parts
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9
Q

What is ATP?

A

the major energy intermediate (currency) of the cell

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10
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down into?

A

Monosaccharides

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11
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

amino acids

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12
Q

What are fats broken down into?

A

fatty acids

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13
Q

What are nucleic acids broken down into?

A

Nucleotides

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14
Q

What does digestion involve?

A
  1. Hydrolysis of bonds connecting monomer units
  2. Absorption from gastrointestinal tract into body
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15
Q

What are monomers used in the body for?

A

Catabolism (fuel molecules) – breaking molecules down
and energy conversion into ATP

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16
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic elements in the diet

17
Q

What is the term for minerals needed in greater abundance in the body?

A

Major (macro) minerals

18
Q

What is the term for minerals in very low concentrations in the body?

A

Minor (trace) minerals

19
Q

What are some examples of major minerals?

A

Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl

20
Q

What are some examples of minor minerals?

A

Fe, Zn, Se, I, Cu, Cr, Mn, Mo

21
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic substances usually essential in diet

22
Q

How can vitamins be classified?

A

water or fat soluble

23
Q

Can fat soluble vitamins be stored?

A

yes

24
Q

Can water soluble vitamins be stored?

A

no

25
Q

What do minerals and vitamins often function as?

A

Cofactors

26
Q

What are cofactors?

A

small molecules required for the activity of an associated
enzyme and have a range of mechanisms

27
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

type of cofactor, organic, often derived from vitamins

28
Q

What are key features of coenzymes in the pathways?

A
  • low concentration in cells
  • act as carriers (transfer things)
  • have two forms
29
Q

What does change of gibbs free energy tell us?

A

tell us about the amount of energy stored in the chemical bonds of the products and
substrates

30
Q

Is ATP hydrolysis or ATP synthesis energetically favourable?

A

ATP hydrolysis (synthesis is unfavourable)

31
Q

How is energy released from fuel molecules?

A

Oxidation reactions

32
Q

What is oxidation?

A

When the chemical loses an electron

33
Q

What is reduction?

A

When the chemical gains an electron

34
Q

What is the reducing agent?

A

The chemical that is oxidised, as it being oxidised provides reducing power

35
Q

What is the oxidising agent?

A

The chemical that is reduced as it provides oxidising power

36
Q

What do biological redox reactions often involve the transfer of?

A

Hydrogen atoms (as well as e-)

37
Q

What can hydrogen be referred to in redox?

A

A reducing equivalent

38
Q

What enzymes often catalyse biological redox reactions?

A

Dehydrogenases

39
Q

What is stepwise oxidation of fuel molecules?

A

The more gradual oxidation in steps, rather than all at once allowing for the energy to be captured for ATP production

BIOC192 2024 (25 decks)

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