Lecture 22: Breast and Prostate Cancer Flashcards
Describe the prostate
Recall the prostate structure.
Most hyperplasias arise in the ____________, whereas most carcinomas arise in the ______________ of the prostate.
Mention the pathologic conditions of the prostate.
___________ may be a precursor to prostate cancer.
Recall prostate histology/tissue structure.
Recall the pathologic and clinical features of BPH.
Role of ____________ is major in prostate cancer. Also affected by _________________.
Recall the features and symptoms of prostate cancer.
Recall Stage I/A of PC.
Recall Stage II/B of PC.
Recall Stage III/C of PC.
Recall Stage IV/D of PC.
Recall the pathology grading of prostate cancer.
- The Gleason grading/scoring system is used which classifies prostate cancer into 5 grades, based on the glandular pattern & degree of observable differentiation
- low-grade tumours have a relatively good prognosis & high-grade tumours are usually serious
- Grade 5 tumors show least differentiation, i.e. immature
Recall prostate cancer susceptibility gene.
Recall prognosis of prostate cancer.
Recall techniques for diagnosis of prostate cancer.
Recall androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Recall the mechanism of androgen=dependent BPH and prostate cancer.
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, is a critical mediator of prostatic growth. DHT is synthesized in the prostate from circulating testosterone by the action of the enzyme 5α-reductase, type 2. DHT can act in an autocrine fashion on the stromal cells or in paracrine fashion by diffusing into nearby epithelial cells. In both of these cell types, DHT binds to nuclear androgen receptors and signals the transcription of growth factors that are mitogenic to the epithelial and stromal cells.
Recall stromal-epithelial cell autocrine signalling in BHP and PC.
DHT can act in an autocrine fashion on the stromal cells or in paracrine fashion by diffusing into nearby epithelial cells. In both of these cell types, DHT binds to nuclear androgen receptors and signals the transcription of growth factors that are mitogenic to the epithelial and stromal cells.
Recall the targeting of androgen-dependent PC.
Recall breast anatomy.
Recall the duct lobule cell types
Recall the plasticity of the breast cells.
Recall the symptoms, signs and diagnosis of breast cancer.
Recall the grading of invasive breast carcinoma
Recall key genes and pathways in breast cancer development
Recall the most common single-gene mutations associated with susceptibility to BC.
Recall major BC molecular subtypes.
Recall breast cancer subtype metastatic characteristics
Recall the histological features of prostate carcinoma
Compare the different molecular subtypes of BC.
