Lecture 22 Flashcards
Hertfordshire Cohort Study
people were unhealthy dying young. studies the relation between low birth weight and health problems later
- low birth weight = poor growth in childhood = heart disease later
- low birth weight = higher death rate
- mothers that had low birth rates had babies that had low birth rates
- constraints on placental development
(Hertfordshire Cohort Study) every ___g increase in mothers birth weight = ___g increase in infant birth weight
100g, 24-27g
Main proposition from Hertfordshire Cohort Study
that the root of cardiovascular disease lay in the effects of poverty on the mother resulting in malnutrition in fetal life and early infancy
Barker hypothesis
adverse intrauterine events permanently program postnatal structure/function/homeostasis (physiology, and metabolism) -> this programming ensures the infants survival but raise risk of diseases later in adulthood
Dutch Hunger Winter (1944-1945)
- lasted 6 months
- 16 000 people died
- less than 500 calories/day for 4.5 million people
- high infant mortality @ 30-90 days
- babies born smaller, later their own babies born smaller (transgenerational)
- small, short, lower intracranial volume
- increased neural tube defects, cancer, depression, schizo., cardiovascular disease
- breastfed babies had less diabetes than bottle fed
Dutch hunger winter: mothers unable to breast feed because of
Insufficient Glandular Tissue (IGT)
60 years after dutch hunger winter there is ______________ of the IGF2 DMR
Hypomethylation
- exposed during peri-conceptional period
IGF2 gene imprinting: paternal allele
ICR methylated = CTCF can’t bind = H19 repressed = IGF2 expressed
IGF2 imprinting: maternal allele
ICR unmethylated = CTCF binds = H19 expressed = IGF2 repressed (inactive)
mice have imprinting at ____ loci, ____ autosomal genes with sex-specific imprints
1300, 347
in mice, more ________ contribution in developing brain, more _________ contribution in adult brain
maternal, paternal
in 65 families, abilities mediated by what three lobes are more closely correlated btwn child and mother
frontal, parietal, temporal
Verbal IQ is ___-linked, ___ x-linked IQ genes
X, 150
Angelman syndrome
Chromosome 15, maternal allele is deleted, paternal allele is silenced via imprinting and cannot compensate. (or inherit both from father, both imprinted)
- high comorbidity with autism, shares common genetic basis and phenotypes
- prolonged suckling, frequent crying, hyperactive, etc.
Prader-Willi syndrome
Chromosome 15, paternal allele deleted, maternal imprinted (so silenced), (or inherit both from mother, both silenced)
- high comorbidity with Psychotic Spectrum disorder, common genetic basis and behavioural phenotypes
- poor suckling, weak crying, inactive, etc.
