Lecture 17

Question 1

activation of HPA axis =

Answer 1

increased glucocorticoids

Question 2

activation of ANS =

Answer 2

increased catecholamines

Question 3

activation of additional pathways in NS

Answer 3

motor responses (locomotion)

Question 4

HPA starts in

Answer 4

CRH neurons of hypothalamus

Question 5

HPA ends with

Answer 5

GC released from adrenal cortex

Question 6

HPA pathway

Answer 6

CRH neurons in hypothalamus release CRH at median eminence, CRH stimulates release of ACTH from anterior pituitary, ACTH stimulates release of GC from adrenal cortext, GC mobilize energy, give negative feedback

Question 7

ANS (sympathetic) in stress response

Answer 7

norepinephrine to target tissues
epinephrine widespread
- decreased digestion, saliva, increased heart rate, blood glucose levels, shunting of blood from gut, etc.

Question 8

Sympathetic-AdenoMedullary (SAM)

Answer 8

• adrenal medulla released epinephrine and norepinephrine
• is the rapid response
• works w/ HPA
• both triggered by hypothalamus
• rapid mobilization of metabolic resources

Question 9

most important GC in humans

Answer 9

cortisol

Question 10

HPA (differences from SAM)

Answer 10

• adrenal cortex produces GC and MC
• slower response
  -> changes gene expression
• targets the brain

Question 11

Mineralocorticoid receptors

Answer 11

Type 1, higher affinity
- get binded to first

Question 12

Glucocorticoid receptors

Answer 12

Type 2, lower affinity
- get binded to after MR is saturated
- for responding to stressors

Question 13

As a monomer, ____ can inhibit gene expression

Answer 13

GR

Question 14

how do GR and MR stimulate gene expression

Answer 14

dimerization of the hormone/receptor complex recruits co-activators

Question 15

how does CBG affect GC levels

Answer 15

it binds it, once bound GC is not free

Question 16

GC binds receptors where?

Answer 16

in cytoplasm

Question 17

How do MR/GRs affects the membranes conductance/excitability? Slow or fast? Short or long-lasting?

Answer 17

by regulating the transcription of genes control the properties of GPCRs, ion channels, ionotropic receptors, and ion pumps
- slow in onset, long-lasting

Question 18

Catecholamines act fast or slow

Answer 18

fast

Question 19

MR and GR actions affect

Answer 19

structural integrity and excitability

Question 20

limbic system + stress

Answer 20

adds emotional dimensions
- centered in hypothalamus
- interprets the stressfulness of a threat
- connected to organs of perception

Question 21

allostasis =

Answer 21

achieving stability by change via stress response

Question 22

hypothalamus

Answer 22

Secretes CRH, which causes AP to secrete ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine, and the adrenal cortex to release GC

Question 23

Do SAM and HPA involve our feelings?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

CRH released from

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

ACTH released from

Answer 25

anterior pituitary

Question 26

GC released from

Answer 26

Adrenal cortex

Question 27

NE and EP released from

Answer 27

Adrenal medulla

Question 28

gluconeogenesis (liver), protein catabolism (muscle), and lipolysis (adipose tissue) all increase ____________

Answer 28

energy available

Question 29

goal of metabolic acute stress response

Answer 29

increase glucose levels in bloodstream

Question 30

metabolic (acute stress response) : T3 and T4 affect

Answer 30

bind mitochondria, increase ATP, increase transcription of genes, increase metabolism of cell

Question 31

beta cells in pancreas secrete _________ which _______ glucose

Answer 31

insulin, stores (it as glycogen)

Question 32

alpha cells in pancreas secrete ________ which _______ glucose

Answer 32

glucagon, releases (hydrolyzes glycogen in liver)`

Question 33

after a meal, ____ is secreted to _____ blood sugar

Answer 33

insulin, lower

Question 34

several hours after a meal, ______ is secreted to ______ blood sugar levels

Answer 34

glucagon, raise

Question 35

lipolysis, glucogenolysis, proteolysis, gluconeogenesis, all ______ blood glucose levels

Answer 35

increase, via epinephrine and norepinephrine, and more slowly by GC which increase gluconeogenesis

Question 36

cardiovascular (acute stress response)

Answer 36

sympathetic ANS, norepinephrine mediates increase in breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, shunting of blood away from gut, etc

Question 37

opiate dependant analgesia

Answer 37

endogenous opiates like enkephalins, beta-endorphin (released within brain)

Question 38

opiate independent analgesia

Answer 38

other NTs like glutamate

Question 39

_____ analgesia type occur during normal stress encounter

Answer 39

both

Question 40

alterations in behaviour (acute stress response) caused by

Answer 40

CRH - increased vigilance, freezing, etc

Question 41

why is the immune system inhibited by GC's during acute stress response

Answer 41

to protect it from becoming too active and attacking itself (autoimmune disease)

Question 42

Th1 cells

Answer 42

immune response - type-1 pathway, cellular immunity, ex. bacteria, viruses - type 1 diabetes, multiple schlerosis, etc

Question 43

Th2 cells

Answer 43

immune response - type 2 pathway, humoral immunity, ex. toxins, allergens - lupis, asthma, cancer

Question 44

endorphin release =

Answer 44

reduced pain

Question 45

effects of chronic stress

Answer 45

diabetes, obesity, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcers (reduction in thickening of stomach walls, prostaglandin aid here)