Lecture 14

Question 1

Iconic Memory

Answer 1

briefist (only a few seconds), most unstable, sensory info

Question 2

STM, 3 subtypes

Answer 2

about 30 seconds, retained w/ rehearsal.
1) phonological loop - auditory
2) visuospatial sketchpad - visual
3) episodic buffer - more integrated sensory info, like movie clips

Question 3

Intermediate-term memory

Answer 3

More stable than STM, limited capacity, disposable memories

Question 4

LTM

Answer 4

days-years, large capacity, stimulated w/ cue/hint

Question 5

________ involved in LTM formation at 1hr after training and 5-8hr after training

Answer 5

Protein synthesis

Question 6

Primacy effect

Answer 6

higher performance on words at beginning of list

Question 7

Recency effect

Answer 7

higher performance on words at end of list

Question 8

Immediate test

Answer 8

Recency effect

Question 9

Test after long delay

Answer 9

Primacy effect

Question 10

Test after short delay

Answer 10

Recency + Primacy Effect

Question 11

Encoding

Answer 11

sensory info passed into STM

Question 12

Consolidation

Answer 12

S/ITM info transferred into LT storage

Question 13

Recall/Retrieval

Answer 13

stored info is used

Question 14

Brain areas important for consolidation

Answer 14

PFC and para-hippocampal cortex
- right PFC, both para. = recalling pictures
- left both = recalling words

Question 15

Engram

Answer 15

memory trace, the physical changes that underly a LTM
- each time recalled, subject to changes

Question 16

Consolidation of memory involves _________ (but not stored here)

Answer 16

Hippocampus

Question 17

Where does LTM storage take place?

Answer 17

In cortex, near where it was first processed and held in STM

Question 18

Reconsolidation

Answer 18

Return of a memory trace to stable, LT storage

Question 19

Phineas Gage

Answer 19

Rod through left cheek, out top of the head
- never lost consciousness, didn’t lose any physical functioning
- However, his personality, reasoning, understanding of social norms was destroyed
- nasty, vulgar, irresponsible
- strong emotions that changed quickly
- inspired frontal lobotomy

Question 20

PFC cortex in humans

Answer 20

Much larger than other animals
- 29% of total cortex

Question 21

PFC functions

Answer 21

forming goals, devising plan of action, selects cognitive skills needed, applies them in correct order, evaluating actions as success or failure

Question 22

Area of PFC important for STM

Answer 22

dorsolateral PFC

Question 23

Oculomotor Spatial Delayed response task (dorsolateral PFC)

Answer 23

Most activation during delayed phase when animal is remembering where initial cue was

Question 24

Lateral PFC damage and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

Answer 24

problems with re-performing task once goal has shifted
- problem with recency memory: putting cards in order (can recognize objects, but not the order they appeared in)