Lecture 21 - When things go wrong in the respiratory system Flashcards
What are the three types of respiratory disease?
Obstruction
Restriction
Infection and inflammation
What are obstructive respiratory diseases?
Conditions that impede the rate of flow in and out of the lungs
Whare are COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
A type of obstructive respiratory disease
Airways narrow which increases resistance
Elastic recoil in lungs reduces which decreases outflow pressure
Increased residual volume causing chest over-inflation
What are the main obstructive respiratory diseases?
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
What is chronic bronchitis?
Inflammation of the bronchi
What is the cause and duration of acute bronchitis?
Bacteria or virus
Lasts days to weeks
What is the cause and duration of chronic bronchitis?
Smoking or environment
Lasts at least 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years
What is the process by which chronic bronchitis develops?
Irritants cause inflammation of bronchi
Leads to abnormal mucus secretion which plugs airways
This increases chance of infection and further inflammation
What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?
Airway obstruction
Shortness of breath and wheezing
Chest pain
Chronic cough
What is the treatment of chronic bronchitis?
Stop smoking
Bronchodilators
Antibiotics
What is the process by which emphysema develops?
Smoking makes neutrophils and macrophages to release elastase
Elastase destroys alveolar walls
This causes emphysema
What is emphysema?
Increased lung compliance
What are the symptoms of emphysema?
Shortness of breath
Hyperventilation
Expanded chest
What are symptoms of asthma?
Bronchoconstriction
Oedema of airway
Mucus secretion
What are the causes of asthma?
Air pollution
Emotional stress
Exercise and cold air
Hypersensitivity to allergens
What is the mechanism by which asthma occurs?
Mast cells are activated
This releases histamines and cytokines
This causes oedema, mucus and smooth muscle contraction
What are the treatments of asthma?
Bronchodilators
Anti-inflammatories
What are restrictive lung diseases?
Conditions that cause reduced lung volume
What are the main restrictive lung diseases?
Fibrosis
Respiratory distress syndrome
What is fibrosis?
Development of excess connective tissue
Alveoli are replaced by fibrotic tissue which decreases lung compliance
No treatment
What are the causes of fibrosis?
Inhaled environmental pollutants
Smoking
Autoimmune disease
What are the main infection respiratory diseases?
Upper and lower tract
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
What is an upper respiratory tract infection?
Common
Minor
EG thraotW
What is a lower respiratory tract infection?
Less common
Severe
EG pneumonia
What are the three types of bacteria/virus causing pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus or Klebsiella pneumoniae
What is pneumonia?
Affects bronchi and alveoli
Inflammatory exudate fills alveoli
This causes consolidation
Diseased tissue gets firm and airless
What is the bacteria causing tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What are the two phases of tuberculosis?
Latent = No symptoms non infections
Active = spreads to bronchioles and circulation
