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Body Systems > Lecture 15 - Cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Cardiovascular disease Flashcards

1
Q

How does hypertension affect cardiovascular function?

A

Affects factors that eventually affect stroke volume

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2
Q

How does myocardial infarction affect cardiovascular function?

A

Reduces stroke volume

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3
Q

How does arrhythmia affect cardiovascular function?

A

Affects stroke volume
Affects heart rate

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4
Q

How does valve disease affect cardiovascular function?

A

Affects stroke volume

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5
Q

How does heart failure affect cardiovascular function?

A

Affects stroke volume
Affects cardiac output

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6
Q

What are the three vascular disorders?

A

Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis

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7
Q

What are the four cardiac disorders?

A

Myocardial infarction
Valvular disease
Heart failure
Arrhythmias

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8
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

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9
Q

What are the diseases hypertension may lead to?

A

Coronary heart disease
Aneurysms
Stroke
Chronic kidney disease
Heart failure
There is damage to endothelial walls which can cause diseases

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10
Q

What are the two types of causes for hypertension?

A

Primary = of unknown medical cause
Secondary = of known medical cause

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11
Q

What are some causes of primary hypertension?

A

Genetics
Consume lots of alcohol
Obesity
Diabetes
Sedentary lifestyle

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12
Q

What are some causes of secondary hypertension?

A

Chronic kidney disease
Endocrine disorders
Pheochromocytoma

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13
Q

What are the three treatments of hypertension?

A

Thiazide diuretic
Ca2+ channel blocker
RAAS inhibition

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14
Q

How is thiazide diuretic used as a treatment for hypertension?

A

It inhibits renal Na+ reabsorption
This increases water loss in urine

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15
Q

How are Ca2+ channel blockers used as treatment for hypertension?

A

They inhibit Ca2+ entry in cardiac and vascular muscle cellsH

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16
Q

How is RAAS inhibition used as treatment for hypertension?

A

EG Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition
Angiotensin II receptor blocker

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17
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build up in blood vessels

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18
Q

What are some triggering factors of atherosclerosis?

A

Damage to endothelial tissue
High LDL cholesterol

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19
Q

What are some consequences of atherosclerosis?

A

Stroke
Vascular dementia
Coronary heart disease
Thromboembolism

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20
Q

What are some treatments for atherosclerosis?

A

Statins to inhibit cholesterol synthesis
This lowers LDL cholesterol levels

21
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

When blood clots form in the circulationw

22
Q

What are some consequences of thrombosis?

A

Pulmonary embolism
Stroke
Myocardial infarction

23
Q

What are some treatments of thrombosis?

A

Anticoagulants
Anti-platelet therapy

24
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack

25
Q

How does myocardial infarction occur?

A

There is atherosclerosis of the coronary artery which restricts blood flow
There is atherothrombosis which cuts of blood flow
Myocardial infarction occurs where the muscle distal to the blockage starts to dieW

26
Q

What is the treatment for myocardial infarction?

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention, an operation using a catheter to insert a stent and reopen the artery
Thrombolytics to break up the clot

27
Q

What is valvular disease?

A

When any valve of the heart is damaged

28
Q

What are the two types of valvular disease?

A

Stenosis
RegurgitationW

29
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Where thick stiff valves fail to properly open
This increases the afterload which then reduces ejection

30
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

The valves fail to close properly
This causes back flow of blood
Can reduce stroke volume and cardiac output

31
Q

What is a treatment for valvular disease?

A

Surgery to repair or replace damaged vessels

32
Q

What is heart failure?

A

When the cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s demands

33
Q

What are the two types of heart failure?

A

Preserved ejection fraction
Reduced ejection fraction

34
Q

What is preserved ejection fraction?

A

Diastolic
The heart can’t fill
Decreases filling and EDV stroke volume

35
Q

What is reduced ejection fraction?

A

Systolic
The heart can’t pump
Decreases contractility and stroke volume

36
Q

What is the treatment for heart failure?

A

Beta blockers
Antihypertensives
Left ventricular assist device
Heart transplant

37
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

When there is a deviation of the heart’s normal sinus rhythm

38
Q

What are some symptoms of arrhythmia?

A

Palpitations
Fainting
Heart failure
Cardiac arrest
Death

39
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

When the heart rate is under 60 bpmW

40
Q

What are some causes of bradycardia?

A

Slow signals from the SA node
Block of signals due to SA/AV node/conductive tissue damageW

41
Q

What is a treatment for bradycardia?

A

Pacemaker

42
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

When the heart rate is over 100bpm

43
Q

What are the two types of tachycardia?

A

Sinus, caused by drugs or hormones
Non sinus, caused by abnormal impulses in ECH

44
Q

What are some causes of tachycardia?

A

Congenital
Cardiomyopathy
Ischaemia
Electrocution

45
Q

What are some different types of arrhythmia?

A

Atrial fibrillation
QT syndrome
Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardiaW

46
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

There are rapid impulses in atria, they quiver but cant contract

47
Q

What is long QT syndrome?

A

There are inherited ion channelopathies

48
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Cardiac arrest
Ventricles quiver but don’t pump blood

49
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia?

A

There is early depolarisation
This causes premature ventricular contractions

Body Systems (22 decks)

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