Lecture 15 - Cardiovascular disease Flashcards
How does hypertension affect cardiovascular function?
Affects factors that eventually affect stroke volume
How does myocardial infarction affect cardiovascular function?
Reduces stroke volume
How does arrhythmia affect cardiovascular function?
Affects stroke volume
Affects heart rate
How does valve disease affect cardiovascular function?
Affects stroke volume
How does heart failure affect cardiovascular function?
Affects stroke volume
Affects cardiac output
What are the three vascular disorders?
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis
What are the four cardiac disorders?
Myocardial infarction
Valvular disease
Heart failure
Arrhythmias
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
What are the diseases hypertension may lead to?
Coronary heart disease
Aneurysms
Stroke
Chronic kidney disease
Heart failure
There is damage to endothelial walls which can cause diseases
What are the two types of causes for hypertension?
Primary = of unknown medical cause
Secondary = of known medical cause
What are some causes of primary hypertension?
Genetics
Consume lots of alcohol
Obesity
Diabetes
Sedentary lifestyle
What are some causes of secondary hypertension?
Chronic kidney disease
Endocrine disorders
Pheochromocytoma
What are the three treatments of hypertension?
Thiazide diuretic
Ca2+ channel blocker
RAAS inhibition
How is thiazide diuretic used as a treatment for hypertension?
It inhibits renal Na+ reabsorption
This increases water loss in urine
How are Ca2+ channel blockers used as treatment for hypertension?
They inhibit Ca2+ entry in cardiac and vascular muscle cellsH
How is RAAS inhibition used as treatment for hypertension?
EG Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition
Angiotensin II receptor blocker
What is atherosclerosis?
Build up in blood vessels
What are some triggering factors of atherosclerosis?
Damage to endothelial tissue
High LDL cholesterol
What are some consequences of atherosclerosis?
Stroke
Vascular dementia
Coronary heart disease
Thromboembolism
What are some treatments for atherosclerosis?
Statins to inhibit cholesterol synthesis
This lowers LDL cholesterol levels
What is thrombosis?
When blood clots form in the circulationw
What are some consequences of thrombosis?
Pulmonary embolism
Stroke
Myocardial infarction
What are some treatments of thrombosis?
Anticoagulants
Anti-platelet therapy
What is myocardial infarction?
Heart attack
How does myocardial infarction occur?
There is atherosclerosis of the coronary artery which restricts blood flow
There is atherothrombosis which cuts of blood flow
Myocardial infarction occurs where the muscle distal to the blockage starts to dieW
What is the treatment for myocardial infarction?
Percutaneous coronary intervention, an operation using a catheter to insert a stent and reopen the artery
Thrombolytics to break up the clot
What is valvular disease?
When any valve of the heart is damaged
What are the two types of valvular disease?
Stenosis
RegurgitationW
What is stenosis?
Where thick stiff valves fail to properly open
This increases the afterload which then reduces ejection
What is regurgitation?
The valves fail to close properly
This causes back flow of blood
Can reduce stroke volume and cardiac output
What is a treatment for valvular disease?
Surgery to repair or replace damaged vessels
What is heart failure?
When the cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s demands
What are the two types of heart failure?
Preserved ejection fraction
Reduced ejection fraction
What is preserved ejection fraction?
Diastolic
The heart can’t fill
Decreases filling and EDV stroke volume
What is reduced ejection fraction?
Systolic
The heart can’t pump
Decreases contractility and stroke volume
What is the treatment for heart failure?
Beta blockers
Antihypertensives
Left ventricular assist device
Heart transplant
What is an arrhythmia?
When there is a deviation of the heart’s normal sinus rhythm
What are some symptoms of arrhythmia?
Palpitations
Fainting
Heart failure
Cardiac arrest
Death
What is bradycardia?
When the heart rate is under 60 bpmW
What are some causes of bradycardia?
Slow signals from the SA node
Block of signals due to SA/AV node/conductive tissue damageW
What is a treatment for bradycardia?
Pacemaker
What is tachycardia?
When the heart rate is over 100bpm
What are the two types of tachycardia?
Sinus, caused by drugs or hormones
Non sinus, caused by abnormal impulses in ECH
What are some causes of tachycardia?
Congenital
Cardiomyopathy
Ischaemia
Electrocution
What are some different types of arrhythmia?
Atrial fibrillation
QT syndrome
Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardiaW
What is atrial fibrillation?
There are rapid impulses in atria, they quiver but cant contract
What is long QT syndrome?
There are inherited ion channelopathies
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Cardiac arrest
Ventricles quiver but don’t pump blood
What is ventricular tachycardia?
There is early depolarisation
This causes premature ventricular contractions
