Lecture 21-Prostate Cancer

Question 1

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

Answer 1

• increased age
• family history: BRCA2 mutation
• ethnicity: black > white > asian

Question 2

Which cancer marker is screened for if prostate cancer is suspected?

Answer 2

PSA (prostate specific antigen)

Question 3

What are the causes of increased PSA, apart from cancer?

Answer 3

Infection, inflammation, large prostate, urinary retention

Question 4

How does prostate cancer present?

Answer 4

• urinary symptoms
• bone pain
• DRE: craggy prostate

Question 5

How can prostate cancer be diagnosed?

Answer 5

• DRE and PSA -> transrectal ultrasound

- lower UT symptoms -> transurethral resection of prostate

Question 6

Which factors affect treatment options?

Answer 6

• age
• DRE
• PSA level
• biopsies
• mets

Question 7

What is the treatment for localised prostate cancer?

Answer 7

• robotic radical prostatectomy
• surveillance
• radiotherapy

Question 8

What is the treatment for locally advanced prostate cancer?

Answer 8

• surveillance
• hormones
• radiotherapy

Question 9

What is the treatment for metastatic prostate cancer?

Answer 9

• hormones + chemo
• surgical castration
• medical castration
• palliative care: chemo and radiotherapy