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Anatomy 2018 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Compare the transverse sinus and the oblique sinus

A

Transverse sinus: space between the arterial and venous mesocardium

Oblique sinus: space between the right and left pulmonary veins

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2
Q

Compare the visceral and parietal pericardium (include the various membranes they are both composed of)

A 
Visceral pericardium (Referred to as epicardium)
Serous membrane

Arterial mesocardium

Venous mesocardium

Parietal pericardium: fused to the fibrous pericardium

Serous membrane

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3
Q

Name the blood supply to the pericardium

A

Blood supply
Pericardia arteries

Pericardiacophrenic arteries

Musculophrenic arteries

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4
Q

Name the nerve supply to the pericardium

A

Nerve supply
CN X

Phrenic nerve

Sympathetic trunk

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5
Q

Identify the major landmarks associated with the 2 cardiac projections discussed in this lecture

A

Base projection: horizontal plane across the sternum at the level of the 3rd costal cartilage (ends 2 cm to the left of the parasternal line)

Apex projection: at the 5th intercostal space (8cm to the left of the median line of the sternum)

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6
Q

Name and describe the three layers of the heart

A

Epicardium: visceral layer of the serous pericardium + subserous layer of CT

Myocardium: the thickest layer of the heart and is composed entirely of cardiac muscle tissue

Endocardium: Endothelium

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7
Q

Describe the path of blood flow through the heart (include the valves the blood passes through)

A

Vena cavae

Right atrium through Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle through pulmonary valve

To lungs in the pulmonary artery ; returns in the pulmonary vein

Pulmonary vein into Left atrium through mitral valve

Left ventricle to body through the aortic valve

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8
Q

Describe the cardiac skeleton and relate to the four major valves.

A

Annuli fibrosi: composed of the 4 interlocking fibrous rings and is interconnected with membranous portion of the interventricular septum

Functions as a the rigid attachment sites for the cardiac muscle fibers and the support the valves of the heart

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9
Q

Describe the base, apex, diaphragmatic surface, and sternocostal surface of the heart

A

Base: posterior aspect of the heart that is mostly formed by the left atrium, but includes a small part of the right atrium

Apex: located at the intercostal space 5, medial to the nipple and is formed from the left ventricle

Diaphragmatic surface: portion that rests on the diaphragm and is form from mostly the left ventricle and a small part of the right ventricle

Sternocostal Surface: faces anteriorly and is mostly the right ventricle

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10
Q

Describe the left margin (border), Inferior margin (border) and superior border of the heart

A

Left margin (border): Left side of the heart that is formed mostly of the left ventricle and left auricle

Inferior margin (border): the intersection of the diaphragmatic and sternocostal surfaces and is formed mostly from the right ventricle

Superior border: the left and right atria and auricles

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11
Q

What are the 2 major arteries that supply the heart itself? describe the path each of them takes and their origin

A

Right coronary artery: passes between the pulmonary trunk and right auricle to the coronary sulcus, which it follows to the diaphragmatic surface and eventually anastamoses with the left coronary artery

Originates from the ascending aorta

Left coronary artery: passes between the pulmonary trunk and left atrium

Originates from the ascending aorta

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12
Q

State the branches (4) and the cardiac structures the Right coronary artery supplies (3)

A

Branches:
Artery to SA node

Artery to AV node

Right marginal artery

Posterior interventricular artery (posterior descending artery (PDA))

Supplies:
Right atrium

Right ventricle

Posterior half of the interventricular septum

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13
Q

State the branches (3) and the cardiac structures the Left coronary artery supplies (3)

A

Branches:
Anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending (LAD))

Circumflex artery

Left marginal artery

Supplies:
Left atrium

Left ventricle

Anterior half of the interventricular septum

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14
Q

What are the direct and only branches off of the ascending aorta?

A

the coronary arteries (left and right)

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15
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located, and what veins drain into it?

A

coronary sinus: located in the posterior coronary sulcus and opens into the right atrium

The great cardiac vein

The middle cardiac vein

The small cardiac vein

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16
Q

What structure is a direct continuation of the great cardiac vein?

A

the coronary sinus

17
Q

State where the following cardiac structures can be found

Moderator band

Pectinate muscles

Papillary muscles

Chordae tendineae

Auricle

Trabeculae carnae

A

Moderator band (septomarginal trabecula) conveys the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle

Pectinate muscles: found in the atria

Papillary muscles: found in the ventricles

Chordae tendineae: tendons that connect the AV valves (Tricuspid and the Mitral)

Auricle: a “pouch like” structure in both atria that increases the capacity of the atrium

Trabeculae carnae: rough looking muscle sin the both ventricles, however they are more pronounced in the right ventricle

18
Q

Specifically describe the structure of the pulmonary and aortic valves

A

Pulmonary AND Aortic valves are formed by 3 semilunar cusps

19
Q

State and describe the location of the atrioventricular valves. Also include the location of the semilunar valves

A

Tricuspid lies between the right atrium and ventricle

Mitral valve (bicuspid) lies between the left atrium and ventricle

Pulmonary valve: lies between the right ventricle and the left and right pulmonary arteries

Aortic valve: lies between the left ventricle and the aorta

20
Q

What is the only conductive connection between the myocardium of the atria and that of the ventricles?

A

the Interventricular bundle

21
Q

What is another term for “crus”? which of them passes through the moderator band?

A

crus = bundle branches

the right crus passes through the moderator band

22
Q

Describe the structure of the interventricular bundle and the 2 structures that it becomes. (include the type of channels that it resides in)

A

Descends through a small channel in the cardiac skeleton, into the membranous interventricular septum

Then, it divides into 2 bundles, the right crus (passes through the moderator band) and the left crus

23
Q

Define and describe the location of the Purkinje fibers

A

Purkinje fibers: terminal ending of bundle fibers that are embedded in myocardium of the ventricles

24
Q

Name the two branches off the ascending aorta.

A

The left and right coronary arteries

25
Q

Relate the position of the aortic arch to surface landmarks of the chest wall.

A

The aorta arches to the left over the pulmonary artery, and the apex of the aortic arch reaches the middle of the manubrium of the chest

26
Q

List the three main branches of the aortic arch.

A

Brachiocephalic A.

Left common carotid A.

Left subclavian A.

27
Q

Describe the structures related positionally to the anterior surface of the aortic arch. (3)

A

Left phrenic nerve

Left vagus nerve

Superficial cardiac plexus

28
Q

Describe the structures related positionally to the inferior surface of the aortic arch. (4)

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Ligamentum arteriosum

Pulmonary trunk

Left primary bronchus

29
Q

Describe the structures related positionally to the posterior surface of the aortic arch. (2)

A

Trachea

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

30
Q

Name the landmarks that mark the beginning and end of the descending aorta.

A

Begins at the level of the sternal angle and ends in front of thoracic vertebra 12

31
Q

List the branches of the descending aorta. (4)

A

Paired intercostal arteries

Paired subcostal arteries

2 or more bronchial arteries

2 to 5 esophageal arteries

32
Q

Describe the origin of the internal thoracic arteries

A

Originate within the root of the neck

Anatomy 2018 (14 decks)

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