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A&P Spring '14 Test 3 > Lecture 21 4/17/14 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 4/17/14 Flashcards

1
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing Food

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2
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing Food

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3
Q

Espophagus

A

1 ft long

Runs from Pharynx to stomach

Posterior to trachea. Passes through opening in diaphragm called esophagus hiatus

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What is the Muscular Composition of Trachea

A

Upper 1/3 - Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary contraction of swallowing)

Middle 1/3 - Mixed Muscle

Lower 1/3 - Smooth Muscle (Peristalsis wave to involuntary contraction)

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5
Q

What is the Mechanism of Swallowing

A

Peristalsis

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6
Q

Define Peristalsis

A

a muscular wave of digestive tube that pushes food forward.

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7
Q

What is the stomach’s job?

A

job is store all the food we’ve eaten, as we digest it

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8
Q

Function of the Stomach?

A

Stores food

Breaks down food mechanically (physical chewing)

Breaks down food chemically (digestive enzymes)

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9
Q

Define Chyme

A

mixture of gastric juices or acids and food material, digestive enzymes, food material.

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10
Q

Describe the Anatomy of the Stomach

A

Innermost oblique layer. Inner oblique. Myenteric Plexus or called the Auerbach Plexus.

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11
Q

Rugae

A

folds that line the stomach. Muscular fold that line the lumen of the stomach when empty.

Serves as an accordion pleats will allow for enlargement of the stomach to accommodate the increase in food.

It’s present when the stomach is empty, and disappear when the stomach gets full.

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12
Q

Stomach wall is composed of what?

A

the same four basic layers as the rest of the digestive tract. Only difference is the muscular tunic which has 3 layers.

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13
Q

What is the three layers of the Muscular Tunic

A

Outer Layer - longitudinal

Middle Layer - Circular

Inner Layer - Oblique

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14
Q

Gastrin ramps up what?

A

Digestion

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15
Q

Pepsinogen is what type of precursor?

A

Enzyme

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16
Q

Protein digestion starts where?

A

In the stomach

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17
Q

Inactive Pepsinogen

A

coverts to pepsin in the presence of HCl

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18
Q

What activates pepsinogen?

A

HCl pH level of 1.5 - 2.0

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19
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

Helps absorb Vitamin B12

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20
Q

Gastric Lipase

A

Fat Breakdown

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21
Q

Chief and Parietal Cells secrete how much gastric juice per day?

A

150 ml

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22
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells

A

Reside within the gastric pit, secrete 6 different known substances

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23
Q

Gastrin

A

Main regulatory hormone

A polypeptide hormone released when food enters stomach.

Starting hormone, ramps up hormone for digestion

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24
Q

3 Phases of Regulation of Gastric Function

A

Cephalic Phase

Gastric Phase

Intestinal Phase

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25
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

sight, smell, taste causes CNS to stimulate vagus nerve. This PNS stimulation increases gastric motility and secretion of juices. Your brain realizes that you’re about to eat, and it activates an area of the brain called vagi. Cranial Nerve 10, involved in resting and digestion. 20% of secretion occurs here.

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26
Q

Gastric Phase

A

arrival of food to stomach. Increases muscular contraction, gastric secretion causes increased motility. 80% of secretion is the end Result. Acid, pepsinogen and gastric lipase increase when food materials comes into contact with the stomach.

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27
Q

Intestinal Phase

A

Begins as chyme enters the duodenum. Purpose: control rate of gastric emptying mostly inhibitory process. Then dumps into the small intestine.

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28
Q

Cholecystokinin’s main job

A

Job is to maintain digestion and causes the gall bladder to contract or secrete bile.

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29
Q

Enterogastric Reflexes

A

if the duodenum is full then these reflexes suppress motility and gastric activity.

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30
Q

Arrival of Chyme causes what?

A

enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine to inhibit gastric secretions.

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31
Q

Cholecystokinin causes what?

A

Is a Peptide hormone causing:

1) pancreas to release digestive juices
2) gall bladder release bile
3) inhibit gastric activity

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32
Q

Secretin

A

tells pancreas to secrete an alkaline buffer. Slows down the process.

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33
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

A

Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide which initiate release of insulin from pancreas.

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34
Q

Pancreas

A

Soft, approximately six inches long

Location is posterior and inferior to stomach

Glandular Tissue

Acinar Cells that produce the digestive enzymes

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35
Q

Acinar Cells

A

Make up the majority of the pancreatic tissue.

Form the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

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36
Q

Digestive Enzymes

A

Alpha Amylase

Pancreatic Lipase

Nucleases

Proteases

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37
Q

Alpha Amylase

A

Digest Carbohydrates

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38
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Lipases

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39
Q

Nucleases

A

DNAse and RNAse

40
Q

Proteases

A

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase (absorbed in bloodstream)

Digest proteins in the stomach that go into the small intestine

41
Q

Secretin

A

Why chyme enters the duodenum, secretin is released which causes alkaline solution to release and to neutralize stomach acid entering the small intestine

42
Q

Pancreatic Juice

A

Alkaline with a pH of 7.5-8.8

43
Q

Islet of Langerhans

A

clusters of cells residing within the acinar cells. They are ductless - endocrine.

44
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Glucagon increase blood sugar

45
Q

Beta Cells

A

Insulin decreases blood sugar

46
Q

Liver

A

Largest visceral organ within the human body

Approx. 4 lbs

L&R main lobes with Right lobe bigger

Separated by Falciform ligament

Predominantly within the upper right quadrant of the abdomen under diaphragm

47
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Nutrient Rich unoxygenated blood

48
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

Oxygenated blood

49
Q

Common Bile Duct

A

formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder)

50
Q

Lobules of the Liver

A

the liver is divided into microscopic units called lobules. They consist of cords of liver cells called hepatocytes, which are arranged in a radial pattern around a central vein.

51
Q

Sinusoids

A

spaces between the cords through which blood passes.

52
Q

Kupffer Cells

A

Stellate reticuloendothelial cells. Phagocytes - Part of the immune system. Type of Resident macrophages. Job is to clean the blood

53
Q

Blood Flow of the Liver

A

Blood goes from the intestines, hepatic portal vein to the liver, hepatic veins from the liver to inferior vena cava then back to the heart.

54
Q

Hepatic Artery

A

O2, Nutrient rich relatively from Celiac Trunk

55
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

O2 deficient, nutrient rich from digestion

56
Q

Blood Flow from the Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Goes from the Hepatic Portal Vein -> Sinusoids -> Central Vein -> Hepatic Vein -> Vena Cava.

57
Q

Bile Flow

A

Left and Right hepatic ducts come together to form the -> common hepatic duct -> Gall Bladder and the Gall Bladder duct is known as the (Cystic Duct) -> common bile duct -> joins with main hepatic duct

58
Q

Metabolic Regulation of Liver Function

A

monitors circulatory levels of metabolites and adjusts them. Toxins and other metabolic wastes are also removed. Fat soluble and vitamins are stored

59
Q

Hematological Regulation of Liver Function

A

The liver is the largest blood reservoir in the body. Stores blood, removes aged and damaged Red Blood Cells

60
Q

Synthesis and Secretion of Bile of Liver Function

A

hepatocytes. Bile is composed of bilirubin, cholesterol, ions lipids, and water. It is created from the recycling of the heme from RBC’s and it is required for the normal digestion of fats.

61
Q

Enterohepatic Circulation

A

90% of all bile is reabsorbed and returned to the liver via the hepatic portal system

62
Q

Secretion of Bile

A

stimulated by cholecystokinin in response to fat in the intestines.

63
Q

The Gall Bladder

A

a small sac located on the underside of the liver. Cholecystokinin causes contraction of gall bladder and relaxation of sphincter.

64
Q

Function of Gall Bladder

A

Store and concentrate bile

65
Q

Small Intestine

A

Approximately 20 ft long, begins at pyloric valve and ends at the cecum, majority of the absorption occurs here.

66
Q

3 Division of Small Intestine

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

67
Q

Duodenum

A

approximately 1 ft long, first part of the small intestine. Receives chyme from stomach and exocrine secretions from pancreas and liver.

68
Q

Brunner’s Glands of Duodenum

A

submucosal glands that aid in the production of mucus with buffers to elevate pH of acidic chyme. pH goes from 1-2 to 7-8.

Secrete a bicarbonate solution to help neutralize the acidic chyme coming into the duodenum. That’s the function of the brunner’s glands, producing this material.

69
Q

Duodenal Papilla of Duodenum

A

Pancreatic and bile juices mixed with chyme in duodenum

70
Q

Jejunum

A

next region of small intestine, approximately 8 ft long, most of the absorption occurs here.

71
Q

Ileum

A

Last region of the small intestine, approximately 12 ft long

72
Q

Peyer’s Patches of Ileum

A

20-30 of them. A collection of lymph nodules that prevent proliferation of bacteria in small intestine.

Lymphoid tissue. Located distal portion from the ileum. Involved in Mediating our immune system function with the bacteria that is in the digestive tract.

Symbiotic relationship. Different bacteria in the small intestine and different bacteria in the large intestine. Wanna keep the bacteria separated from each other.

73
Q

Four Layers of Small Intestine

A

Plicae

Villi

Microvilli

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

74
Q

Plicae

A

transverse folds; increase the surface area

75
Q

Villi

A

finger like projections; increase the surface area

76
Q

Microvilli

A

each villum is covered by simple columnar epithelium. Each cell has microvilli on its’ surface. Serves to increase surface area.

77
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

AKA Intestinal Glands; Cells are going to be highly mitotic. Dividing to move upward to replenish whats destroyed on the surface of the villi.

78
Q

Pits in the intestinal wall perform 3 functions

A
  1. Reproduce and replace the columnar and goblet cell epithelium that is shed from abrasion during the digestive process called exfoliation.
  2. Produce Enterokinase - hormones that activate pancreatic enzymes
  3. Contain Enteroendocrine Cells - produces various hormones including cholecystokinin and secretin. G-Cells, I-Cells, etc.
79
Q

Lacteal of the Villi

A

Terminal lymphatics that transport materials that do not enter capillaries because of their large size. ie Fatty acids

80
Q

Chylomicrons of Villi

A

protein lipid packages that transport fatty acids through the lymphatic system and blood system.

81
Q

Mechanical Digestion of Villi

A

movements of the muscular tunic. Small intestine is lined by smooth muscle.

82
Q

Rhythmical Segmentation

A

contraction of the circular fibers in various locations on and off to divide small intestine into fragments. Occurs 12-16 times per minute to move or slosh chyme back and forth.

83
Q

Pendular Movements

A

contraction and relaxation of the longitudinal fibers causing the movement of Chyme.

84
Q

Propulsive Peristalsis

A

a peristaltic wave the propels chyme forward through the intestines.

85
Q

Chemical Digestion

A
  1. Carbohydrates
    a. Mouth - salivary amylase begins sugar breakdown
    b. Duodenum - pancreatic amylase continues sugar breakdown then absorbed in small intestines.
  2. Proteins
    a. Stomach - pepsin breakdown of proteins into short chain amino acids
    b. Small intestine - chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase continue protein breakdown.
86
Q

Vitamins

A

a. Water soluble vitamins are easily absorbed through the intestinal epithelium.
b. Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with lipids. A, D, E vitamins.

87
Q

Large Intestine

A

approximately 5 ft long

88
Q

Cecum

A

First portion of the large intestine. Separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, which regulates digestive flow from small intestine into the large intestine.

89
Q

Vermiform Appendix

A

extends from the bottom of the cecum, approximately 3-4 inches long, a blind end, hollow tube made of lymphatic tissue. Appendicitis. Vermiform means worm.

90
Q

Large Intestine Anatomy

A 
Cecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum 
Anus
91
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of the Large Intestine

A

Contain fewer plicae and villi, but is lined with columnar epithelium, and many goblet cells to secrete mucus movement of fecal material.

92
Q

Functions of the Large Intestine

A

Movement of Colon Contents

Peristalsis

Absorption and Fecal Formation

Defecation

93
Q

Movement of Colon Contents

A

Haustral Churning - the haustra distend and relax as they squeeze their contents to the next haustral segment.

94
Q

Peristalsis

A

Peristaltic movement occur here as they occur in the small intestine, but mass peristalsis is also observed. This is a strong wave that drives fecal contents into the rectum.

95
Q

Absorption and Fecal Formation

A

Bacteria aid in the final decomposition of remaining proteins and breakdown bilirubin into a brown pigment. Bacteria also aid in the synthesis of various vitamins. The large intestine is vital in maintaining the body’s water balance. The majority of water absorption occurs here. This also converts the fecal material into a semisolid waste ready for elimination.

96
Q

Defecation

A

Mass Peristaltic waves push fecal material into the rectum. This stimulates pressure sensitive receptors to initiate the defecation reflex. Fecal pressure in the rectum causes relaxation of the internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle), and contraction of the external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle). Conscious release of the external anal sphincter allow defecation to occur.

A&P Spring '14 Test 3 (6 decks)

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