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A&P Spring '14 Test 3 > Lecture 18 4/8/14 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 4/8/14 Flashcards

1
Q

Is breathing a active or passive process?

A

Active Process

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2
Q

Relaxing on Expiration is what type of process?

A

Passive Process

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3
Q

Decrease in surface area decreases what?

A

Gas Exchange

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4
Q

Tracheal Rings

A

Trachea is lined with approx. 20 tracheal ringed cartilages

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5
Q

Anatomy of Trachea

A

C shaped circulation. The esophagus expands when we swallow. Opened in the back, as it expands the esophagus during swallowing.

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6
Q

Trachealis Muscle

A

A muscle that goes across the back of the Trachea. The muscle will contract on forceful inspiration to help keep the trachea opened.

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7
Q

Why do we need the tracheal rings?

A

Or Portion of Cartilage Rings? To provide structure and prevent collapse on inspiration. The reason why is because when you’re sucking it is causing negative pressure. Prevent the collapse of walls during inspiration.

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8
Q

Right and Left Main Bronchi

A

The bifurcation is located at the T5 vertebral level. Like the tracheal rings, the primary bronchi contain incomplete rings lined by ciliated columnar epithelium.

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9
Q

Transition from Cartilage to No Cartilage Description

A

The bronchials and terminal bronchials, and respiratory bronchials, the trachial rings are not there because the collapsing force is not as strong as those in the Trachial rings. We transition from cartilage to smooth muscle from the segmented bronchi to the bronchioles because the collapsing pressure is non-existent at this level.

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10
Q

8 Levels of Bronchial Tree

A

a) R and L Main Bronchi
b) Secondary or Lobar Bronchi –
c) Tertiary or Segmental Bronchi –
d) Bronchioles
e) Terminal Bronchioles
f) Respiratory Bronchioles
g) Alveolar Ducts
h) Alveoli

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

About 300 million of these and significant (7 Tennis Courts) surface area for gas exchange about 70 square meters. Look like Cup shape out pouchings. Look like grape like cluster. Is where gas exchange occurs between air and the blood.

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12
Q

Cell Types of Alveoli

A
  1. Simple Squamous Epithelium

2. Septal Cells

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13
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

One cell layer thick, flat, allows for easy gas exchange across the membrane.

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14
Q

Septal Cells

A

Known as Type 2 surfactant cells. Because they lay in the septa.

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15
Q

Septal Cells Produce What?

A

Produce surfactant (phospholipids) which reduces the surface tension between the alveoli.

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16
Q

Surfactant Cells in babies are What?

A

Surfactant cells are the immature cells with premature babies, the babies having to go to oxygen tents and give them growth factors to accelerate the growth of these cells

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17
Q

Surfactant Cells Help babies with What?

A

To help babies mature more quickly because if you don’t have Type II Surfactant cells, that decreases the surface tension within the alveoli and it makes it much harder for these babies to breath.

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18
Q

Surfactant cells reduce surface tension between what?

A

Surfactant cells reduce surface tension between water molecules so that the Alveoli can be opened to get air back into the lungs.

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19
Q

Describe the lobes of the lungs

A

3 Lobes on the right and 2 Lobes on the left on the lungs.

20
Q

Right Lungs

A

Divided into Superior, Middle, and Inferior Lobes.

21
Q

Horizontal Fissure of Right Lung

A

Separates Superior from Middle lobes

22
Q

Oblique Fissure of Right Lung

A

Separates Middle from Inferior lobes

23
Q

Left Lung

A

Divided into Superior and Inferior Lobes

24
Q

Oblique Fissure of Left Lung

A

Separates superior and inferior lobes.

25
Q

Lungs

A

Main Organ of Respiration

26
Q

Surface Anatomy of Lungs

A

Parietal Pleura

Visceral Pleura

27
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Is the Serrous membrane that adheres to the inside of the thoracic cage.

28
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Is going to adhere to the outside of the lungs.

29
Q

Laws Associated with Respiration

A

External Respiration

Internal Respiration

30
Q

External Respiration

A

Gas exchange between the outside air and the blood at the lungs.

31
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Gas exchange between the blood in the cells and the tissues.

Profusion of the tissues

32
Q

Ventilation

A

AKA Breathing; process by which atmospheric gases travel into the lungs and waste gases travel outside of the lungs.

33
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the alveoli. Not an active process, it’s diffusion.

34
Q

Inspiration

A

AKA Inhalation – process by which air enters the lungs.

Is an active process.

Contraction of the diaphragm, pulling it downward, creating a vacuum and pulling air into the lungs.

Negative pressure, creating a vacuum.

35
Q

External Intercostals

A

Run obliquely; attach to the rib up above and below. Pulls the rib upward to increase thoracic cage diameter.

36
Q

Muscles involved with Inspiration

A

Diaphragm

External Intercostals Muscles

37
Q

Intrapulmonic Pressure

A

Intra means within. So it’s pressure measured across the lungs into the alveoli. This is the lesser of the two pressures.

38
Q

Interpleural Pressure

A

Inter means between. So it’s pressure measured in between the pleural membranes. This is the greater of the two pressures. Because it has to be great enough to pull the alveoli closer to the lungs.

39
Q

Which is the greater pressure between Interpleural Pressure or Intrapulmonic Pressure

A

The intrapulmonic pressure is significantly less than interpleural pressure but great enough to open the alveoli.

40
Q

Expiration

A

AKA Exhalation - process by which air leaves the lungs. Is a passive process. Inspiratory muscles - they are relaxing

41
Q

Muscles involved for normal expiration

A

Diaphragm

External Intercostals

42
Q

Forced Expiration

A

what actually contracts. Have to exhale quickly to increase our rate of gas exchange

43
Q

Muscled involved for forced expiration

A

Internal Intercostals - it pulls the ribs downward

Abdominal obliques - they will contract and pull ribs downward also

Rectus Abdominus

44
Q

Respiratory Law

A

Boyle’s Law

45
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Is the reason why respiration works, the inspiration and expiration.

System is inversely proportional to pressure; V = 1/P

Decrease the pressure we are increasing the volume.

Pressure differences inside the lung, relative to constant atmospheric pressure, causes air to move in and out of the lungs.

46
Q

Respiratory Emergencies

A

Pneumothorax

Decreased Surfactant Production

47
Q

Pneumothorax

A

We’ve got air in the pleural cavities

Abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall and which may interfere with normal breathing.

A&P Spring '14 Test 3 (6 decks)

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