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A&P Spring '14 Test 3 > Lecture 20 4/15/14 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 4/15/14 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory Centers of the brain

A

located in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla.

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2
Q

Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers

A

Sets the basic rhythm for respiration. Not thinking about respiration. Controls the Respiratory Rate and Rhythm at Rest.

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3
Q

Two Parts of the Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers

A

Dorsal Respiratory Center

Ventral Respiratory Center

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4
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Center

A

Controls the Respiratory, Rate, and Rhythm Centers.

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5
Q

Ventral Respiratory Center

A

Anterior to dorsal. Involved in the spill over effect into the ventral during exercise. Increase the respiratory rate.

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6
Q

Apneustic Center

A

located posterior and inferior to pons. Blocks off or switches off the inspiratory ramp. Adjust the rate and depth of respiration.

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7
Q

Pneumotaxic Center

A

Involved modifying the activities of the rhythmicity center.

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8
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to lung volume

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors Proper

A

Stretch receptors of the lung

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10
Q

Inflation Reflex

A

Prevents over expansion of the lungs

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11
Q

Deflation Reflex

A

Opposite of Inflation Reflex. Stimulates inspiration when the lungs begin to collapse.

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12
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Monitors blood pressure through the lungs

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13
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

They monitor blood gases and pH.

CO2, O2, and pH.

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14
Q

CO2 is the main driver for what?

A

Respiration

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15
Q

Increase in CO2 causes what?

A

Drives respiration.

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16
Q

In high altitudes, what drives respiration?

A

O2

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17
Q

Higher Centers in the brain?

A

Cerebrum which allows voluntary control of respiration

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18
Q

Receptors from these areas send info back to the brain to alter respiration. What are they?

A

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Higher Centers in the Brain

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19
Q

Respiratory Center performance can be altered by what?

A

Input from:

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Higher Centers in the Brain

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20
Q

Digestion

A

the process of converting food to chemical substances that can be absorbed and assimilated by the body’s tissues.

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21
Q

5 Activities of Digestive System

A

Ingestion

Peristalsis

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

Absorption

Defecation

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22
Q

Ingestion

A

eating/taking food into the body

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23
Q

Peristalsis

A

the movement of food along digestive tract via smooth muscle contraction. Pushes food into one area to the next.

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24
Q

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion are a part of what?

A

part of the mouth

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25
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

starts in the mouth. Physical movement, moving the tongue around to mix the saliva with the food we chewed in the mouth.

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26
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

food gets to the stomach. Churning of food, chewing to mix with digestive enzymes. Anything involved in breaking down food molecules into smaller food molecules. Enzymatic reactions that break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into usable molecules.

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27
Q

Absorption

A

the passage of digested materials into the circulatory system and lymphatics.

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28
Q

Defecation

A

When this material that we’re digesting moves through the stomach and the small and large intestine, it is a semi liquid material in the small intestine, but in the large intestine, it pulls the water out of the material, so then the semi liquid turns to a semi solid material and then we defecate that material.

The elimination of digestive waste products.

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29
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract - AKA Alimentary Canal

A

a continuous muscular tube that runs through the ventral body cavity extending from mouth to the anus. Approximately 30 feet long.

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30
Q

What are the Organs of the Digestive Tract

A

1) mouth
2) pharynx
3) esophagus
4) stomach
5) small intestine
6) large intestine

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31
Q

Accessory Organs are involved with what?

A

Assisting Digestion

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32
Q

What are the Accessory Organs

A

1) teeth
2) tongue
3) salivary glands
4) gastric and intestinal glands
5) liver
6) gall bladder
7) pancreas
8) spleen

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33
Q

What are the four layers of the GI Tract

A

Tunica Mucosa

Tunica Submucosa

Tunica Muscularis

Tunica Serosa

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34
Q

Tunica Mucosa Has 3 Layers

A

Epithelium

Lamina Propria

Muscularis Mucosa

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35
Q

Epithelium of Tunica Mucosa

A

Inner most layer. Lines lumen of GI Tract, mostly simple columnar epithelium for absorption.

One cell layer thick that promotes absorption. Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus is stratified squamous epithelium and then it transitions almost to immediately to a simple columnar epithelium that we would see in the stomach and small and large intestines. Protection.

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36
Q

Lamina Propria of Tunica Mucosa

A

its loose connective tissue, not dense connective tissues. 80% diffusable with water. Highly diffusable. Deep to epithelium. Has blood and lymph vessels.

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37
Q

Muscularis Mucosa of Tunica Mucosa

A

serves two purposes, helps to throw those inner hypothelium into folds that we call, vili, finger like projections that increase surface area for greater absorption. And the other things that it does is that , it regulates blood vessel flow through the lamina propria and Meissners Plexus. Deep to lamina propria, smooth muscle layer that throws the mucous into folds, serving to increase the surface area for absorption.

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38
Q

Meissners Plexus

A

known as submucosal plexus. Autonomic Nervous Plexus. Helps to control the muscularis mucosa, and then also involved in controlling vasodilation and constriction of those vessels, or blood flow in the vessels of the lamina propria.

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39
Q

Tunica Submucosa

A

where the Meissners Plexus is found. 2nd main layer, more of loose CT that binds tunica mucosa to next layer, contains blood vessels.

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40
Q

Tunica Muscularis

A

located throughout GI Tract. Involuntary smooth muscle

41
Q

Two Layers of the Tunica Muscularis

A

Circular Fibers

Longitudinal Fibers

42
Q

Circular Fibers

A

Inner Ring

43
Q

Longitudinal Fibers

A

Outer ring

44
Q

Auerbach Plexus

A

Nerve supply for the Tunica Muscularis.

Autonomic Nervous System for the GI Tract.

45
Q

Tunica Serosa

A

Outermost layer.

Serrous membrane made of connective tissue and epithelium. AKA Visceral Peritoneum.

46
Q

Peritoneum Membranes

A

Largest serrous membranes in the body

47
Q

Function of the Peritoneum Membranes

A

Suspend and hold organs in place and reduce friction

48
Q

Two Layers of the Peritoneum Membranes

A

Parietal Peritoneum

Visceral Peritoneum

49
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Lines inner abdominal wall

50
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Lines organs surfaces, makes up serosa

51
Q

Embryological Development

A

fist and balloon theory. Abdominal organs invaginate into the peritoneum like fist in balloon.

52
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

Connects liver to the diaphragm

53
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Connects Liver and stomach

54
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Visceral fat, subcutaneous fat

55
Q

Transverse Colon

A

connected to the back wall via the transverse mesocolon

56
Q

Small Intestine cross sections and large intestine get thrown into what?

A

The mesenteries

57
Q

Boundaries of the Oral Cavity

A

Lateral Walls

Anterior Walls

Superior

Inferior

58
Q

Lateral Walls

A

Cheeks, muscular wall lined with

59
Q

Anterior Walls

A

Lips, outside skin

Inside mucous membrane that transitions between inside and outside mucous membranes

60
Q

Vermillon of Anterior Walls

A

Transitional zone between inner and outer lips

61
Q

Superior Boundary of Oral Cavity

A

Hard Palate anterior 2/3

Soft Palate posterior 1/3

62
Q

Inferior Boundary of Oral Cavity

A

Tongue and associate muscles of mouth floor

63
Q

Posterior Fauces

A

opening between oral cavity and throat

64
Q

2 Arches of the Palantine Arches

A

Palatoglossal arch

Palatopharyngeal arch

65
Q

Palatoglossal arch

A

front one towards the tongue;

Anterior;

Uvula

66
Q

Palatoglossal arch

A

back one;

Posterior

67
Q

Tongue Of Oral Cavity

A

comprised of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane, has a tremendous amount of nervous innervation. Has a lot of dexterity to it. Involved in digestive process.

68
Q

Muscle Types of Tongue

A

Extrinsic Muscle

Intrinsic Muscle

69
Q

Extrinsic Muscle

A

originates outside of the tongue and inserts into the tongue

70
Q

Intrinsic Muscle

A

originates inside of the tongue and inserts inside into the tongue

71
Q

Lingual Frenulum of Tongue

A

a fold of mucous membrane on the midline under surface of the tongue

72
Q

Lingual Frenulum Duct

A

Submandibular Ducts which open on either side of the lingual frenulum

73
Q

Papillae of the Tongue

A

projections of the lamina propria covered with epithelium that line the tongue’s surface.

74
Q

3 Types of Papillae

A

Circumvallate

Fungiform

Filiform

75
Q

Circumvallate

A

form an inverted V, large, conical shapes, have bitter taste buds to help prevent us from eating poisonous material.

76
Q

Fungiform

A

mushroom shaped more numerous at the tip. Located all over the tongue.

They are located on the sides because they are not exposed to direct abrasions.

Also they are in the recesses then there’s more fluid there for better diffusion of the chemicals that we pick up as taste. Red dots.

77
Q

Filiform

A

slender projections, anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Thread like or shape.

78
Q

Salivary Glands

A

glandular tissue that secretes saliva. Big guns. Don’t secrete much saliva. Only time it will is when you think about it or while you’re eating.

79
Q

Saliva

A

keeps mouth moist, lubricates food, breaks down starches.

80
Q

3 Pairs of Salivary Glands

A

Parotid Glands

Submandibular Glands

Sublingual Glands

81
Q

Parotid Glands

A

The big guns. They don’t secrete much saliva normally. Only time it will is when you think about it or while you’re eating. Anterior and inferior to ear.

Parotid Duct or Stensons Duct is paired with Parotid Gland

82
Q

Parotid Duct (Stensons Duct)

A

opens into oral cavity. Goes forward and then dives medially at the masseter and then enters at the upper second molar.

83
Q

Submandibular Glands

A

Located beneath the base of the tongue.

Whartons Duct is paired with Submandibular Gland

84
Q

Whartons Duct

A

Enter oral cavity on either side of lingual frenulum. Produces most of the saliva while we are resting.

85
Q

Sublingual Gland

A

Located anterior underneath the tongue. 20-30 little ducts that go in. Multiple ducts enter into the floor of oral cavity. Provide less than 1% of saliva.

Groovenous Duct is paired with Sublingual Gland

86
Q

Saliva Function

A

Initiates carb breakdown

Destroys bacteria

Lubricate food for swallowing

87
Q

Composition of Saliva

A

Salivary Amylase

Mucin

Lysozyme

88
Q

Teeth

A

Adults have 32 teeth and babies have 20 teeth. Total of 52 that we go through in our lifetime.

89
Q

Function of Teeth

A

To aid in mechanical digestion

90
Q

Crown

A

What sticks up above

91
Q

Enamel

A

Hardest substance in human body

92
Q

Dentin

A

resembles bone

93
Q

Pulp Cavity

A

filled with vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

94
Q

Root Canal

A

tooth is about to die, turns grey and stays intact, the ligaments look good then they would put a crown

95
Q

Cementum

A

bone like attaches dentin to

96
Q

Periodontal Ligament

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue. Attaches cementum to surrounding bone. Allows for some flexibility.

97
Q

Neck

A

joins crown to root. Where the gum line is.

98
Q

Root

A

Consists of 1-3 projections embedded in bone.

99
Q

Adult Teeth have 4 Quadrants

A

1) Central or Lateral Incisors.
2) Cuspid Tooth or Canine Tooth.
3) Then Pre-Molars or bicuspid - cutting and tearing together and moving it to molars.
4) 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Molars. The 3rd molar is the wisdom tooth.

A&P Spring '14 Test 3 (6 decks)

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