Lecture 2- Schemas Flashcards
What are schemas
internal working models (mental representations) beliefs about yourself and others.
Templates for a relationship.
Appraisals of the self in anxious (preoccupied or fearful) individuals
low self esteem- fear of abandonment.
appraisals of the self in avoidant individuals
half studies found evidence of low self esteem but others didint???
What did Schmitt and Alik (2005) find to do with self esteem
negative associations between anxiety and self esteem
18/53 countries found negative correlations between avoidance and self esteem
Therefore most of the countries avoidant people have high self esteem>
Pietromonaco and Barrett (1997) college students compared to newspaper response
- Anxious more negative evaluations
- Avoidance between anxious and secure
Defensive self enhansment in avoidant.
What did Mikulincer (1998) find in relation to defensive self enhancement
- Anxious pps endorsed less positive traits and more neg traits. Self defeatism/ helplessness.
- avoidant pps endorsed more positive traits after failure than after no feedback- Self reliance.
The bogus pipeline condition (induces self regulation and promotes honest reporting) wiped out these effects for avoidant individuals. – Avoidant underneath have negative self views.
What are the two ways poeple sustain self rated vulnerabilities
Hopeless cognitive style
Patterns of feedback seeking
What is hopeless cognitive style (Abramson et al 1989)
Major risk factor for depression: self blame, hopelessness.
Attachment anxiety associated with this style : academic and interpersonal problems.
What is patterns of feedback seeking?
And what did Brennan and Morris (1997) find
We seek feedback to validate our self knowledge (good and bad)- self verification hypothesis.
Brennan and Morris (1997) pps imagine romantic partner answering questions about them. .Insecure people (anxious or avoidant) more likely to prefer negative feedbac. Negative views of self cause insecure individuals to keep on seeking confirmatory negative information.
How does attachment affect views of others
Anxious people more likely to find others difficult to understand and think they have little control.
Avoidant people are more likely to think others are untrustworthy and think they have no control.
What did the face perception study show
• Face perception study with characteristics, anxiety was associated with seeing fewer positive traits in the faces
avoidance associated with seeing more negative traits. Insecure attachment makes us see things that are not there.
How does attachment style influence how you view your parents
Hazan and Shaver (1987)
Secure= mparents respectful, responsive, caring, accepting, undemanding.
Avoidant= more negative (in newspaper_ but students more positive.
Idealizing parents when young (students) to evade distressing memories, but maturity and distance from parents allows older adults to acknowledge less positive aspects of their experiences.
- No clear difference between anxiety and avoidance. (both preduct negative descriptions of parents)
How does attachment influence romantic relations in adulthood
Collins and Feeney (2003)
dating couples were told that one member would do a stressful task, given note (either supportive or not).
- Insecure ppts rated the note as more upsetting, less supportive and negative
- Insecure ppts rated their partners behaviour as less supportive
Ambiguous notes = attachment related worries- heightened access to negative working models of others.
secure pps were not vulnerable to the note.
Baldwin et al (1993) lexical decision task
beliefs about partners supportiveness.
- Secure pps had shorter RT to words with positive behaviours (interpersonal context)
- insecure pps had faster RT for negative words.
what is the problem of Barthomew and Horowitz model
- Dismissing people do not have positive views of themselves this is just based on defensive self enhancement
- Anxious people view their partners as their savour but also hold negative views agaist partners intentions.
