Lecture 2 - Research Strategies Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the first one to psychologically study the mind?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

introspection

A

study of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings

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3
Q

who was E.B. Titchener?

A

Wundts student.

Focus on structuralism

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4
Q

structuralism

A

The analysis of mental structures

what is the mind

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5
Q

what did William James focus on

A

functionalism, the study of how the mind works

why do we have a mind

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6
Q

popular wisdom

A

The general idea of what we think is true

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7
Q

name two examples of popular wisdom

A
  • birds of a feather flock together

- interpersonal attraction

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8
Q

why do we need psychological science

A

In order to see what popular wisdom holds true

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9
Q

what is hindsight bias

A

once we have all the info needed and know of the outcome, we believe we could have predicted what happened

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10
Q

How is psychological science research done?

A

The scientific method

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11
Q

what is the scientific method

A

it tests ideas with the use of data and evidence (empiricism)

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12
Q

name the steps of the scientific method/The research process

A
  1. formulate research question
  2. formulate a hypothesis
  3. design the study to test hypothesis
  4. perform the study (test the hypothesis)
  5. interpret the data (draw conclusions)
  6. communicate the findings
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13
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction

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14
Q

operational definition

A

statement about the procedures the researcher used to measure a variable

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15
Q

what are some examples of operational definitions

A

self-report, survey, brain scan, etc.

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16
Q

What are the different approaches to psychological research

A
  1. case study
  2. naturalistic observation
  3. Survey method
17
Q

what is a case study

A

in-depth analysis of one subject (or more)

18
Q

what is naturalistic observation

A

describe and measure people and or animals behavior systematically

19
Q

what is the advantage and disadvantage to naturalistic observation

A

advantage: natural, trust there is no artificial present
disadvantage: people tend to act differently when they know they’re being watched

20
Q

what is the survey method

A

asking people questions about their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions and recording their answers

21
Q

What are the problems to the survey method

A

The wording and the response bias. The way questions are asked affect responses and people may or may not tell the truth

22
Q

what is important issue when doing the survey method

A

Random sampling (random selection)

23
Q

Random sampling

A

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being studied

24
Q

what is the correlational method

A

examine strength and direction of relationship between two variables

25
Q

correlation coefficient (r)

A

Measure of the strength of the association between two variables (ranges from -1.00 to +1.00)

26
Q

negative correlation

A

variables change in opposite directions

27
Q

positive correlation

A

variables change in the same direction

28
Q

correlation does not indicate …

A

CAUSATION

29
Q

experiment

A

researcher changes one variable in a controlled situation and observes the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation

30
Q

independent variable (IV)

A

manipulated by experimenter

31
Q

dependent variable (DV)

A

Outcome variable

32
Q

what is the purpose of experiments

A

to test the effects of the independent variable and the dependent variable

33
Q

experimental condition (group)

A

receives treatment/stimulus

34
Q

Control condition (group)

A

doesn’t receive treatment/stimulus

comparison group

35
Q

Random assignment

A

participants have an equal chance of being in every experimental group

36
Q

placebo effect

A

observed improvement due to an inert treatment

37
Q

expectancy effect

A

results one expectations held by the experimenter lead unintentionally to behavior toward the participant that, in turn, affects the participants behavior

38
Q

Double-blind procedure’s

A

neither the participants nor the researchers know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group