Lecture 2: Powders and Granules Flashcards

1
Q

Powder

A

-physical form of solid material composed of particles
-dosage form for internal or external use

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2
Q

Powder dosage forms

A

-oral
-topical
-inhalation

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3
Q

physiochemical properties of powders

A

-particle size
-shape
-density
-solid-state properties

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4
Q

Particle size affects

A

-“processability” (flow, mixing, tableting)
-formulation performance (content uniformity, dissolution)

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5
Q

Particle size affects

A

-dissolution
-suspendability of suspensions
-uniformity of mixture in liquids or powders
-particles aerosol behavior for inhalation
-segregation may occur if powders have wide size distributions

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6
Q

Particle size measurements

A

-sieving (mass based size)

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7
Q

Particle size distribution

A

-D10: 10% of particles are smaller
-D50: 50% are smaller
-D90: 90% are smaller
-span= (D90-D10)/D50

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8
Q

Width of size distribution

A

span= (D90-D10)/D50

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9
Q

Mircoscopy

A

physical size?

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10
Q

Projected area diameter

A

-equivalent diameter corresponding to diameter of a circle with same projected area as the irregularly shaped particle

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11
Q

Laser diffraction

A

-volume based size

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12
Q

Particle density

A

-true density = mass/true volume
-bulk density = mass/bulk volume

-cohesive vs non cohesive

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13
Q

Powder flowability

A

-how easy powder moves to another location
-important for material conveying, transportation, and capsule and tablet die filling

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14
Q

flowability of smaller particles

A

poor

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15
Q

flowability of spherical particles

A

-better than needle and plate shaped particles

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16
Q

milled particles

A

-cohesive (sticky)
-poor flowability

17
Q

Measurements of powder flowability

A

-angle of repose
-Carr index

18
Q

Angle of repose

A

-tanx = 2h/D
-30 degrees = great flow
>60 degrees = poor

19
Q

Carr index

A

=(tapped density- poured density)/ tapped density
-5-15%= great flow
->40%= poor

20
Q

Cohesive vs noncohesive

A

-cohesive sticks to side of tubes and to self
-noncohesive settles at the bottom of the tube

21
Q

Powder comminution

A

-particle size reduction
-improve dissolution, absorption, and mixing homogeneity
-effects of size reduction depend on design of equipment, energy, and sheat inputs of properties of the material

22
Q

Powder comminution methods (mechanical milling)

A

-ball
-hammer
-jet

23
Q

Ball mill

A

-materials + grinding medium in rotating mill

24
Q

Hammer mill

25
Jet mill
-generate fine particles down to 1 um -used for inhalation powders -compressed grinding air + powder
26
Powder mixing (blending)
-unit operation involving manipulation of heterogenous physical system with the goal of making it homogenous
27
Types of mixtures
-unmixed -ideal -random -segregation
28
Major types of blending
-tumble blender (V-blender, tote blender, turbula blender) -blade blender (high shear blender)
29
Granules
-dry aggregates of particles -can be used as dosage form -mostly for making tablets and capsules -improve powder flowability, reduce dusts, enhance compactibility
30
Wet granulation process
1. blending 2. adding binder 3. granulation 4. Drying 5. Sieving
31
Dry granulation process
1. blending 2. compression 3. Size reduction
32
wet granulation
-high shear granulation
33
Dry granulation
-no liquid -less processing steps and fewer risks than wet granulation -lose some compactibility for tableting
34
Roller compaction
?