Lecture 1: Oral Dosage Forms

Question 1

Oral Dosage forms

Answer 1

-tablets
-capsules
-orally dissolving tablets (ODT)
-sublingual tablets
-solutions
-suspensions

Question 2

Tablets

Answer 2

-immediate, extended, modified release
-effervescent, chewable, sublingual

Question 3

Effervescent tablets

Answer 3

-uncoated
-generally contain acid substances, carbonates, or bicarbonates
-release CO2 in water
-designed to be dissolved in water before use

Question 4

Chewable tablets

Answer 4

-designed for admin to children

Question 5

Buccal/sublingual tablets

Answer 5

-place under tongue or cheek
-dissolve rapidly
-absorbed through mucus membranes into blood stream

Question 6

Capsules

Answer 6

-meds in a gelatin container
-hard-shelled or soft-shelled

Question 7

hard-shelled capsules

Answer 7

-used for dry, powdered ingredients

Question 8

soft-shell capsules

Answer 8

-used for oils and active ingredients dissolved/suspended in oil

Question 9

Advantages of soft capsules

Answer 9

-drug can be liquid form
-high degree of precision in each dose
-higher degree of homogeneity
-rapid release

Question 10

Disadvantages of soft capsules

Answer 10

-drug may migrate to the shell
-drug can degrade in liquid state

Question 11

Oral Liquid dosage forms

Answer 11

-solutions
-emulsions
-suspensions
-syrup

Question 12

oral solutions

Answer 12

-clear liquid preparations conaining API in suitable vehicle

Question 13

Oral emulsions

Answer 13

-stabilized in oil-in-water dispersions
-either or both phases may contain dissolved solids

Question 14

Oral suspensions

Answer 14

-contain API suspended in solvent
-may show sediment over time
-need to be shaken

Question 15

syrup

Answer 15

-concentrated solution of sucrose to mask taste

Question 16

Advantages to oral dosage forms

Answer 16

-convenient
-economical
-non-invasive
-no special training

Question 17

Disadvantages to oral dosage forms

Answer 17

-drug delivery often incomplete
-many drugs degraded in GI environment
-exposes drug to hepatic metabolism

Question 18

Oral absorption

Answer 18

-disintegration
2. dissolution
3. absorption or gut-wall first pass metabolism
4. hepatic first-pass metabolism
5. rest of drug to circulation

Question 19

Dissolution increases with

Answer 19

-surface area
-solubility
-concentration
-DEcreased membrane thickness

-Noyes-Whitney equation

Question 20

Where does most absorption occur

Answer 20

-small intestine
-surface area same as tennis court

Question 21

Bioavailability

Answer 21

-relative fraction of dose that is absorbed to circulation
-100% in IV

Question 22

DEcrease bioavailability by:

Answer 22

-incomplete dissolution
-chemical degradation of drug in GI tract
-first-pass gut wall metabolism
-first-pass hepatic metabolism

Question 23

First-pass effect

Answer 23

-loss of drugs by degradation in GI tract or hepatic metabolism
-reduced amount of drug BEFORE entering circulation

Question 24

Grapefruit juice

Answer 24

-inhibits first-pass effect of drug in intestine and liver
-increases bioavailability

Question 25

Noyes-Whitney equation

Answer 25

dissolution rate = A*D(Cs-CT)/h

-A= area
-D= diffusion coefficient
-Cs= solubility
-Ct = concentration
-h= layer thickness