Lecture 2 Organics Flashcards
What are hydrocarbons?
Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only
What are monosaccharides?
Any of the class of sugars (e.g. glucose) that cannot be hydrolysed to give a simpler sugar.
What are disaccharides?
Any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.
What are condensation reactions?
A condensation reaction is a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule. A small molecule, often water, is usually removed during a condensation reaction
What are alcohols?
The simplest oxygen containing functional group
What is the oxygen functional group of an alcohol attached to the carbon chain called?
A hydroxyl group OH
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
R-OH
What is R?
R stands for the carbon chain
Do alcohols have higher or lower boiling points?
Higher due to the increased polarity and the ability to hydrogen bond
In water which atom has the partial negative charge?
The oxygen
In water which atom has the partial positive charge?
The two hydrogens
How are the molecules in water attracted to eachother?
Through the electrostatic attraction of the permanent dipoles
Are alcohols less or more polar the longer the hydrocarbon chain?
Less
Synthesis of alcohols uses what?
The reactivity of the alkene functional group
Two carbons join to the same oxygen to form what?
An ether
What is an ether?
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. They have the general formula R–O–R
Do ethers have lower or higher boiling points compared to alcohols?
Lower because they have no hydrogen bonding ability and are less polar
What is the general formula for ethers?
R-O-R
What are the 3 functional groups with carbon and oxygen double bonds?
Aldehydes, keytones, and carboxylic acids
What are carbonyl groups?
Where oxygen is double bonded to carbon. C=O
Why are carbonyl groups very important functional groups?
Because they are highly reactive
How can aldehydes and keytones be formed?
By the oxidation of alcohols
What is common knowledge about aldehydes?
They usually have strong odours
What is common knowledge about keytones?
They are used as industrial solvents
How are aldehydes made?
Through partial oxidation of alcohols and these days the oxidising agent used is PCC
If water is present or the oxidising agent is stronger what will the alcohol be oxidised to instead of an aldehyde?
A carboxylic acid
How are keytones made?
By oxidising secondary alcohols
What are carboxylic acids?
Corrosive chemicals common in biological organisms.
What is the formula for carboxylic acids?
C-COOH or CH3CO2H
True or False? Carboxylic acids have high boiling points and exist as hydrogen bonded dimers
True
Why are carboxylic acids acidic?
Because they release hydrogen ions
True or False? Carboxylic acids are present as natural products
True
