Lecture 2: Intro to the nervous system

Question 1

what is the nervous system (2)

Answer 1

A biological system that can
1) receive and process info (stimuli) from the enviroment (internal/external)
2) coodinarte and carry out approciate action to respond to those stimuli

Question 2

in vertebrates ,waht are the 2 major components of the nerovous system

Answer 2

central and peripheral

Question 3

what makes up the CNS

Answer 3

brain and spinal cord

Question 4

what makes up the PNS

Answer 4

all nerves outside of the CNS

Question 5

what are the 2 functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 5

somatic nervous ssystem (under our control)
visceeral (automonic)

Question 6

what is thee stimuli for the somatic nervous system of PNS

Answer 6

largely external (ex: touch, vibration, external forcees due to gravity, responses from muscles )

Question 7

true or false: in the somatic nervous system of the PNS the responses are voluntary

Answer 7

true (ex: motor contol of skeltal muscles)

Question 8

what is the stimuli for the visceral (autonomic)

Answer 8

primarily internal (ex: body temp, jheart rate)

Question 9

true or false: the responses for the autonomic nervous system are under our control

Answer 9

false, they are involuntary

Question 10

what are the two divisions of the PNS

Answer 10

sensory/afferent
motor/efferent

Question 11

afferent means

Answer 11

sensory

Question 12

efferent means

Answer 12

motor

Question 13

what comes from the imbound stimuli

Answer 13

visceral sensory info *heart rate, hunger etc(
somatic sensory (pressure, touch, bursea)

Question 14

what system is responsible for processing and coordination

Answer 14

CNS

Question 15

what is the outbiond action of the PNS

Answer 15

viscceral moptor (gland, secretion, vasodilation)
somatic motor (msucle contaction, joint movement)

Question 16

what is the schematic for the nervous system in the somatic

Answer 16

somatic sensory inbound
CNS
somatic motor

Question 17

what is the basic cellular unit of the nervous system (messengersr(

Answer 17

the neuron

Question 18

how do nerous communication

Answer 18

chain like connections

Question 19

info travelling along nervous is what direction

Answer 19

unidirectional

Question 20

true or false: info travelling along neurons is bidirectional

Answer 20

unidiectiona l

Question 21

what is the fucntion of the dendrite

Answer 21

receives info and generally short

Question 22

what is the function of the cell body

Answer 22

process info

Question 23

what is the function of the myelin of a neuron

Answer 23

insulation, increases speed of electrival impulses

Question 24

what is the function of the axon

Answer 24

relays info in the form of electricity
can be very long

Question 25

what is a synapse function

Answer 25

passes info onto other nervous of effect orfan chemically

Question 26

what is the direction of impiulse along neuron

Answer 26

The dendrites receive incoming nerve impulses from other neurons. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then at the end of the axon transmits the impulse to another neuron or receptor.

Question 27

what are the 2 types of neuron types in the SOMATIC PNS

Answer 27

multipolar motor pseudounipolar (sensory/afferetn)

Question 28

what poriton of the stomatic PNS is the multipolar neuron part of

Answer 28

the motor efferent

Question 29

what poriton of the stomatic PNS is the pseudo-unipolar neuron part of

Answer 29

sensory/afferent

Question 30

what is the flow of info in multipolar neurons part of the motor soamtic PNS

Answer 30

dendrite cell body axon target organ (effector (muscle) = PNS

Question 31

what is the flow of info in pseudounipolar neurons in the sensory portio of the soamtic PNS

Answer 31

sensory receptors (eg in the skin, synovium) through branches axon to cell body (no dendrites) CNS

Question 32

true or false: pseudounipolar neurons have no dendrrites

Answer 32

true

Question 33

what is a spinal nerve

Answer 33

bundle of sensory AND nmotor neurons that emerge fro mthe spnal cord (CNS) at regualr intervals to modulatee sensory and motor info from the PNS

Question 34

why is the spianl nerve considered mixed

Answer 34

hs sensory and motor neurons (as well as somatic and visceral)

Question 35

true or false: in a spinal nerve the nerve is mixed but the flow of info is still unidirectional

Answer 35

true

Question 36

where are internurons located

Answer 36

in the spinal cord

Question 37

what are interneurons

Answer 37

Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS)

Question 38

what is a nerve

Answer 38

bundle of sensory and motor axons (all parts in the periphery are mixed)

Question 39

what is the posterior root ganglion

Answer 39

group of cell bodies for the sensory neurons

Question 40

what is the ventral horn

Answer 40

group of cell bodies for the motor neurons

Question 41

the ventral horn contains what type of neuron cells

Answer 41

contains motor neuron ceell bodies for that spinal nerve

Question 42

hat are the parts of a spinal cord (be able to identify)

Answer 42

.

Question 43

true or false: ventral portion is for sensory

Answer 43

ventral=motor posterior=sensory

Question 44

what type of neurons does the psoterior root ganglion contrain

Answer 44

sensory neuron cell bodies for the spinal nerve

Question 45

what are the parts of the spinal nerve

Answer 45

rootlets roots spinal nerve rami posterior ramus antierior ramus (dorsal root ganglion)

Question 46

what are rootlets

Answer 46

axon bundlees from sensory neurons (posterior) and motor neurons (anterior), closest to the spinal cord

Question 47

what are roots C

Answer 47

convergence of the rootlets, psoterior root cotnacts celel bodies of sensory nervons

Question 48

the posterior root cotnacins cell bodiees of what types of neurons

Answer 48

sensory

Question 49

what is spinal nerve

Answer 49

convergence of the roots, emerges from the vertebral column

Question 50

what emeerges from the vertebral colium

Answer 50

spinal nerve

Question 51

what is rami

Answer 51

first split fo the spinal nerve

Question 52

what does the rami split into

Answer 52

posterior ramus and anteerior ramus

Question 53

what does the posterior ramus innervate

Answer 53

intrinsic back muscels and associated skin

Question 54

what does the anterior ramus innverate

Answer 54

everything but the intrinsic back muscles

Question 55

expla nthe passage of info through the spinal cord

Answer 55

somatic sensory nerve to the post ramus spinal nervous posterior root ganglion (in the spinal nerve) posterior root posterior rootlets into the dorsnal horn out the ventral horn rootlets roots spinal nerve anterior ramus

Question 56

how does the innervation of myofibers occur (what type of neurons)

Answer 56

via motor neurosn

Question 57

what is a motor unit

Answer 57

1 motor neuron innervating multiple muscle fibers)

Question 58

true or false: motor units usually work in grousp

Answer 58

true

Question 59

what is the fancy name for skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 59

myofibrils

Question 60

true of false: the spianl nerves emerge at regular intervals from superior to inferior

Answer 60

true

Question 61

how are spinal/segmental nerves pairs named

Answer 61

in relation of the vertebra

Question 62

how many thoracic nerves are there

Answer 62

12

Question 63

how many lumbar nerves aree there

Answer 63

5

Question 64

how many sacral nerves are there

Answer 64

5

Question 65

how many cervical nervs are there

Answer 65

8

Question 66

he thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx nerves are named in relation to which vert

Answer 66

the superior vert

Question 67

the cervical nerves arew named in relation to the

Answer 67

inferior venterbal

Question 68

where does c8 nerve lie

Answer 68

betweeen c7 and t1

Question 69

what are the componentst fo the strcuture of the spinal cord

Answer 69

posterior horn lateral honr anterior horn grey matter white matter central canal posterior median sulcus anterior median fissure anteriolateral sulcular posterolateral sulcus

Question 70

be able to label the strcuture of the spinal cord

Answer 70

l

Question 71

what is the cervical enlargment name

Answer 71

brachial plexus (c5-t1)

Question 72

where is brachial plexus

Answer 72

c5-t1

Question 73

what is the lumbar enlargements

Answer 73

lumbosacral plexus (l1-s4)

Question 74

where is the lumbosacrial plexus

Answer 74

L1-S4

Question 75

true or false: the spinal cord extends the length of vertebral column

Answer 75

false, the cord ends short

Question 76

explain growth of the spinal cord

Answer 76

in the embryo: spinal cord fills the length of the vertebral columb at birth: spinal cord ends at l3 adult: spinal cord ends at L1/L2

Question 77

what is the end of the spinal cord called

Answer 77

conus medullaris

Question 78

what is the 'horses tail" of the spinal cord

Answer 78

cauda equina

Question 79

what is cauda quina

Answer 79

axons of ingerior spinal nerves

Question 80

true or false : near cervical the nerves emerge verticallt

Answer 80

false, more flat andd towards the sacral aspect is is more vertical

Question 81

what are the protective laters of the spinal cord called

Answer 81

menings

Question 82

what are the 3 meningers of the spina lcord

Answer 82

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

Question 83

what is the outermost lyers of the menigns

Answer 83

dura

Question 84

conus medularis is the...

Answer 84

end of the spinal cord

Question 85

what are denticulate ligamnets

Answer 85

the anchor help buffer movement of the spinal cord

Question 86

what is filum terminale

Answer 86

derived from the pia mater =suspends/supports the spinal cord

Question 87

what meninge is the filum terminale derived from

Answer 87

pia mater

Question 88

wht is the space above the dura caleld

Answer 88

extradural/epidural space

Question 89

what is the space under the dura mater called

Answer 89

subdural space

Question 90

what is the spalce under the arachnoid layer caleld

Answer 90

subarachnoid space

Question 91

were does CSF circualte

Answer 91

subarach space

Question 92

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

Answer 92

31

Question 93

spinal nerves stay called spinal nerves throughout the body

Answer 93

false, they cross over, branch etc to form named peripheral nerves that inenrvatie multiple structures

Question 94

true or false: each spinal nerves will have a dscrete area of sensory innervation and will inenervate speccific set of muscles

Answer 94

true

Question 95

areawhat is a dermatome

Answer 95

area/region of skin innervated by a single spinal nerves

Question 96

what is a myotome

Answer 96

group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve