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HN204 Midterm 1 > Lecture 2 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

the outermost layer of skin on the body

A

epidermis

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2
Q

the middle layer of skin on the body

A

dermis

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3
Q

integumentary system

A

the body’s outer layer consisting of epidermis, dermis, glands, hair and nails

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4
Q

the deepest layer of skin

A

aka hypodermis, subcutaneous tissue containing mostly body fat

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5
Q

what is in the subcutaneous layer?

A

loose connective tissue with fat cells (adipocytes)

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6
Q

what is thin skin?

A
  • contains 4 layers
  • covers most of the body
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7
Q

what is thick skin?

A
  • contains five layers
  • covers area prone to abrasion (palms, feet)
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8
Q

what does thick/thin skin refer to?

A

it refers to number of layers in the epidermis and NOT the actual deepness of skin

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9
Q

examples of accessory structures of the skin

A

hair, nails, sweat (sudoriferous) glands and sebaceous (oil) glands

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10
Q

what are the four cell types in the epidermis?

A

1.) keratinocytes
2.) melanocytes
3.) tactile cells
4.) dendritic cells

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11
Q

what layer is missing/absent in thin and thick skin?

A

the stratum lucidum
–> absent = 4 layers
–> present = 5 layers

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12
Q

where is collagen found?

A

in the dermis layer

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13
Q

what are cleavage lines?

A
  • represents separations between underlying collagan fibre bundles in the reticular dermis
  • run circularly in trunk
  • run longitudinally in limbs
  • surgical incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal better than those made across them
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14
Q

what are the layers in the epidermis?

A

stratum basale (aka stratum germinativum)
stratum spinosum
stratum ganulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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15
Q

a nipple-shaped projection or strucure

A

papillary

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16
Q

the most superficial layer of dermis but deep to the epidermis is called…

A

the papillary layer

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17
Q

what is found in the papillary layer?

A
  • contains dermal papillae and capillaries which help exchange waste, nutrients, gas and blood to the dermis
  • helps supply stratum basale + stratum spinosum
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18
Q

network of intercellular fibre /connective tissue

A

reticulum

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19
Q

deepest layer of the dermis

A

reticular layer

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20
Q

what kind of tissue is found in the reticular layer?

A

dense, irregular connective tissue including LOTS of collagen and elastin (proteins)

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21
Q

protrusions of dermal connective tissue into the epidermal layer that help with gas, waste, nutrient exchange

A

dermal papillae

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22
Q

network of small arteries in the papillary layer of the dermis

A

papillary plexus

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23
Q

interconnections of blood supply that attach to adipose tissue and supply hair follicles, glands and other structures

A

cutaneous plexuses

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24
Q

what do capillary loops do?

A

follow the contour of the epidermal-dermal boundary

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25
Q

speicalized cell of fat/adipose tissue

A

adipocytes

26
Q

the most abundant cell in epidermis

A

keratinocyte

27
Q

what is the lifecycle of a keratinocyte?

A

1.) mitosis in the stratum basale and a cell gets pushed through the layer toward the surface
2.) differentiate in the stratum spinosum (looks spiney) and produce bundles of keratin protein called tonofibrils
3.) cells start to die as they get futher from the nutrient source (stratum basale)
4.) keratohyalin forms granules in the stratum granulosum which dehydrate the cell and cause cross-linking of keratin filaments. Cells release lipid-rich susbtances that coat them = water-resistant layer
5.) in thick skin, cells become part of clear layer called stratum lucidum which lack organelles/nuclei before becoming part of superficial layer of epidermis
6.) cells are dead in the stratum corneum. only flattened, scale-like, dehydrated cells that contain bundles of parallel keratin filaments remain

28
Q

granules that insoluble in water and promote dehydration of the cell

A

keratohyalin

29
Q

bundles of keratin proteins/filaments

A

tonofibrils

30
Q

what is a melanocyte?

A
  • a packet of a pigment called melanin (occurs when it accumulates in organelles)
  • positions ebtween nucleus and surface of skin to protect DNA from damage
31
Q

type of cells found in the stratum basale

A

tactile cells

32
Q

what do tactile cells do?

A
  • release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings
33
Q

cells found prominnently in the stratum spinosum

A

dendritic cells

34
Q

what do dendritic cells do?

A
  • immune cells in skin
  • phagocytosis of pathogens that penetrate the superficial layers of epidermis
35
Q

waxy, oily secretions

A

sebum from sebaceous glands

36
Q

what are sebaceous glands?

A
  • glands attached to hair follicles
  • secrete sebum
  • contain alveoli that burst when accumulates fat
37
Q

what are sudoriferous glands?

A
  • produce sweat/ watery solution
  • 2 types: apocrine and merocrine glands
38
Q

what are apocrine glands?

A
  • coiled, tubular glands associated with hair folicules that secrete cloudy, viscous substances at adolescence
  • apocrine glands become active in adolescence in axillary, aoerial and anagenital regions
39
Q

what are eccrine/merocrine glands?

A
  • glands that secrete clear sweat (water)
  • not associated with hair; palms and soles
  • important for thermoregulation and protection
40
Q

what glands secrete cerumen?

A

ceremonious glands

41
Q

what are ceremonious glands?

A

glands that secrete cerumen (ear wax) into external ear canal

42
Q

glands that secrete milk

A

mammary glands

43
Q

what are the two types of apocrine glands?

A
  • ceremonious glands
  • mammary glands
44
Q

what is it called when a whole cell is secreted?

A

holocrine secretion

45
Q

what is dermacidin?

A

a antimicrobial peptide secreted by merocrine sweat glands that attack bacteria on the skin

46
Q

alveoli containing cells that spherical in shape

A

alveolar gland

47
Q

melanoma

A

when malignant (cancer) cells form in melanocytes (cells that colour the skin)

48
Q

role of melanocytes

A

produce melanin pigment which give skin its colour

49
Q

role of tactile cells

A

helps to pick up touch

50
Q

role of dendritic cells

A

immune cells in the skin

51
Q

role of keratinocytes

A

helps with skin repair and protection

52
Q

ABCDE of melanoma

A

A = asymmetry
B = border is not smooth
C = colour is not the same
D = diameter is large
E = evolving over time

53
Q

what factors contribute to skin colour?

A
  • determined by the type of melanin pigment present in epidermis (black, yellow-brown, or brown)
  • determined by blood supply in dermis (red or blue)
54
Q

compare the exocrine glands

A
  • sebaceous glands secrete oily liquid which helps with waterproofing and inhibiting bacteria
  • sudoriferous glands produce watery sweat help with body temperature
55
Q

components of epidermis

A
  • 4 cell types (keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells and dendritic cells)
  • 5 layers of skin (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, strum lucidum, stratum corneum)
56
Q

components of dermis

A
  • papillary layer (and papillary plexuses)
  • reticular layer
57
Q

components of hypodermis

A
  • cutaneous plexuses
58
Q

what is melanin?

A

a substance in your body that produces hair, eye and skin pigmentation

59
Q

what are sweat glands?

A

sudoriferous glands

60
Q

what is a melanosome?

A
  • an organelle in which melanin (pigment) is synthesized
  • produced by melanocytes

HN204 Midterm 1 (17 decks)

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