Lecture 2 - Depression and the rise of cognitive behavioural therapy 1 Flashcards
(lecture):
Describe super briefly how different mood disorders can make people feel.
(lecture):
see page 1 in G doc notes
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Give a brief description of what depression is.
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- Sadness, discouragement, pessimism, hopelessness…
- Usually resulting from a recent stress
Becomes clinically significant when:
> Unusually severe or prolonged
> Results in significant impairment at the personal , relational, professional, etc. level
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Give 3 examples of how depression can evolve from adapting to one’s environment.
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see page 2 in G doc notes
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What is the DSM-5 criteria for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?
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Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning…
- depressed mood most of the day, …
- markedly diminished interest or pleasure …
- significant weight loss or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite
- insomnia or hypersomnia
- psychomotor agitation or retardation
- fatigue or loss of energy
- feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
- diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
- recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide
Severe depression can manifest in many different ways. People can have many different profiles of symptoms. This makes depression very hard to diagnose and many times it is misdiagnosed in primary care.
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What is the DSM-5 criteria for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder?
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A - Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years.
B - Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following:
- poor appetite or overeating
- insomnia or hypersomnia
- Low energy or fatigue
- Low self-esteem
- poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
- feelings of hopelessness
> During the 2-year period of the disturbance, the person has never been without the symptoms in Criteria A and B for more than 2 months at a time.
Criteria for a major depressive disorder may be continuously present for 2 years.
There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode, and criteria have never been met for cyclothymic disorder.
The causes for major and persistent depressive disorder are the same as one another, but the symptoms are different.
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What are some common features for depressive disorders?
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see end of page 3 in G doc notes
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Describe the genetic influence on depression.
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see blue writing on page 4 in G doc notes
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Describe stress as a causal factor of depression.
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see blue writing on page 5 in G doc notes
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Describe the diathesis-stress theory of depression.
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Genetic vulnerability interacts with stressful/negative life events.
The association between stressful life events and the probability of MDE is moderated by alleles of gene 5-HTT (Caspi et al, 2003)
If you are genetically vulnerable to develop depression and then experience a stressful life event, you are more likely to develop depression. If you are not genetically vulnerable and experience a stressful life event, you are more likely to be able to cope with that event without developing depression.
This was a major milestone study where, for the first time, they were able to link a particular single gene to show that people who wear that gene and experience stressful life events were more likely to develop depression.
However, this study had a failure to replicate:
(Culverhouse et al., 2018)
There have been many efforts to replicate this study, and so far it has been proven tricky and meta-analyses have not reached any conclusions. So when the study came out it was promising but then the evidence was not big enough that we can confidently say this is what’s happening.
(see page 5 in G doc notes for graph)
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Describe the influence of social media on depression onset.
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(Orben et al. 2019)
- Longitudinal study of ~12000 adolescents
- Small effect of social media use on life satisfaction, female-specific
On the whole (not just this study) - Depression is more prevalent in females than males, this is related to hormonal factors, genetic factors, also related to reporting, maybe more female samples?
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Read the gene-environmental correlations on page 6.
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Describe the behavioural perspective to explain depression.
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See page 6 in G doc notes.
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Describe the behavioural activation treatment for depression.
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See page 7 in G doc notes.
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Describe cognitive behavioural therapy for depression.
(lecture):
See page 7 in G doc notes.
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Describe Beck’s Cognitive Theory of depression.
(lecture):
See page 8 in G doc notes.
