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Immunology - Unit 1 - Zach H. > Lecture 2: Cells and Tissues of the Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Cells and Tissues of the Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

T cells mature under the influence of the thymus and, on stimulation by Ag, give rise to what?

A

cellular immunity

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2
Q

B cells mature mainly in the bone marrow and give rise to?

A

humoral immunity

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3
Q

What is humoral adaptive immunity mediated by?

A

Mediated by Abs in the blood and mucosal secretions which are produced by B cells.

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4
Q

What is humoral adaptive immunity the principal defense against?

A

Against Extracellular Microbes and their toxins because secreted Abs can bind to these microbes and toxins and assist in their elimination.

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5
Q

What is CMI controlled by?

A

Responses of T cells which often function in concert with Ag-presenting cells and phagocytes to eliminate microbes.

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6
Q

What is the main function of CMI?

A

The killing of infected cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection.

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7
Q

True or False:

Helper T cells also help B cells make effective Abs thus contributing to eradication of extracellular microbes.

A

True

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8
Q

In CMI, what do T helper cells do?

A
  • activate macrophages (IFN-gamma) to kill phagocytized microbes.
  • activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes to directly destroy infected cells.
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9
Q

Which T helper cell activates macrophages?

A

Th1

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10
Q

Which T helper cell is involved in inflammation?

A

Th17

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11
Q

Which T helper cell is involved in activation (proliferation and differentiation) of T and B cells?

A

Th2

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12
Q

What do regulatory T cells do?

A

Suppress and prevent immune responses (e.g., to self antigens).

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13
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

recognize Ags on infected cells and kill these cells

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14
Q

What do B cells do?

A

recognize soluble Ags and develop into Ab-secreting cells

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15
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

recognize Ags on the surfaces of Ag-presenting cells and secrete cytokines, which stimulate different mechanisms of immunity and inflammation

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16
Q

What is the functional significance of specificity in adaptive immunity?

A

Ensures that the immune response to a microbe (or nonmicrobial Ags) is selective to that microbe (or Ag).

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17
Q

What is the functional significance of diversity in adaptive immunity?

A

Enables the immune system to respond to a large variety of Ags.

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18
Q

What is the functional significance of memory in adaptive immunity?

A

Increases the ability to combat repeat infections by the same microbe.

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19
Q

What is the functional significance of clonal expansion in adaptive immunity?

A

Increases the number of Ag-specificlymphocytes to keep pace with microbes.

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20
Q

What is the functional significance of specialization in adaptive immunity?

A

Generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes.

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21
Q

What is the functional significance of contraction and homeostasis in adaptive immunity?

A

Allows the immune system to recover from one response so that it can effectively respond to newly encountered Ags.

22
Q

What is the functional significance of nonreactivity to self in adaptive immunity?

A

Prevents injury to the host during responses to foreign Ags.

23
Q

What is the clonal selection hypothesis?

A

According to this hypothesis, Ag-specific clones of lymphocytes develop before and independent of exposure to Ag.

24
Q

List the order of immunologic memory?

A

> an immune response eliminates the microbes that initiated the response.

> the expanded lymphocyte clones die in a contraction phase and homeostasis is restored.

> a few activated lymphocytes become Ag-specific memory cells which may survive for years after the infection.

25
Q

True or False:

Generation of memory responses is important goal of vaccination.

A

True

26
Q

Active Immunity?

A

Is conferred by host response to a microbe or microbial Ags.

  • provides resistance to infection and are specific for microbial Ags
  • responses generate immunologic memory
27
Q

Passive Immunity?

A

Is conferred by adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe.

  • provides resistance to infection and are specific for microbial Ags.
  • NO memory
28
Q

What does CD stand for?

A

Cluster of Differentiation - which indicates a defined subset of cellular surface receptors that identify cell type and stage of differentiation.

29
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

> spleen
lymph nodes
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

30
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

> thymus

> bone marrow

31
Q

How long do naive lymphocytes live if they do not recognize Ag?

A

1 - 3 months

32
Q

True or False:

Ag-specific receptors structure varies from one cell to another but they are all identical on a single cell.

A

True

33
Q

Where are developing T cells found in the thymus?

A

thymic medulla

34
Q

True or False:

T cells are produced primarily early in life.

A

True

35
Q

What cytokines have an important role in T cell development?

A

IL-1
IL-2
IL-6
IL-7

36
Q

What does the development of B cells involve contact with?

A

Stromal Cells
IL-1
IL-6
IL-7

37
Q

Where do the circulating lymphocytes never reach in the body?

A

eye
brain
testicles

38
Q

What specialized endothelium of postcapillary venules do lymphocytes enter the LN through?

A

HEV (high endothelium venules)

39
Q

How do lymphocytes transmigrate into the tissue?

A

By diapedesis in response to chemokines.

40
Q

Through which vessel do DCs enter the LN?

A

afferent lymphatic vessel

41
Q

What are the 3 professional APCs?

A
  • DCs
  • Tissue Macrophages
  • B cells
42
Q

Do B cells need an APC?

A

No - only T cells.

43
Q

Which professional APC is the only one that can present and activate naive T cells in the LN?

A

DCs

44
Q

What can macrophages and B cells present Ags to?

A

effector T cells, but not naive T cells.

45
Q

Which two professional APCs are cells of innate immunity and provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

DCs

Macrophages

46
Q

How do DCs acquire Ags?

A

> phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
pinocytosis

47
Q

Can activated DCs also secret cytokines?

A

Yes

48
Q

Where do classical DCs reside?

A

Skin, mucosa, and organ parenchyma.

49
Q

What type of DC is an early cellular responder to viral infections?

A

Plasmacytoid DCs

50
Q

How do plasmacytoid DCs respond to viral infections?

A

The recognize nucleic acids of intracellular viruses and produce soluble proteins - IFN alpha/beta, which has potent antiviral activities.

51
Q

True or False:

Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) bind and display unprocessed Ags on their surfaces for recognition by B cells only.

A

True

52
Q

Where do FDCs reside?

A

> LNs
Spleen
Mucosal lymphoid tissues

Immunology - Unit 1 - Zach H. (12 decks)

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