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Immunology - Unit 1 - Zach H. > Lecture 1: Properties and Overview of Immune Responses > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Properties and Overview of Immune Responses Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:

All microbes can grow, reproduce, and infect humans.

A

True

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2
Q

True or False:

All pathogens do not necessarily fall into the extracellular or intracellular microbe classification.

A

False - ALL microbes are either have the extra- or intracellular classification

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3
Q

What is the immune system comprised of?

A

Immune Cells and Molecules that collectively mediate an immune response.

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4
Q

What is the definition of antigens (Ags)?

A

Ags are defined as substances (either microbial or nonmicrobial) which induce an immune response.

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5
Q

When is an antibody (Ab) produced by the immune system?

A

When the immune system detects an antigen.

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6
Q

Fill in the Blank:

An _____ (also called an antigenic determinant) is a portion of an Ag molecule to which an antibody binds.

A

epitope

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7
Q

What is the smallest epitope (antigenic determinant) to which an antibody can be made?

A

> 3-6 amino acids (AA)

> 5-6 sugar residues

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8
Q

True or False:

An Ag may contain a number of different epitopes to which individual responses (antibodies or T cells) are made.

A

True

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9
Q

Do all large molecules have multiple epitopes?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the principal components of innate immunity?

A

> physical and chemical barriers

> phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells and other innate lymphoid cells

> blood proteins, including the complement system and other mediators of inflammation

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11
Q

Does the innate immune system distinguish fine differences between microbes?

A

NO

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12
Q

What are the principal cells of the adaptive immune system?

A

> lymphocytes (B and T)
antigen-presenting cells
effector cells

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13
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Humoral immunity is mediated by molecules in the blood and mucosal secretions, called antibodies, which are produced by cells called B lymphocytes. Principle defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and their toxins because secreted antibodies can bind to these microbes and toxins and assist in their elimination.

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14
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes and is the defense against intracellular microbes (viruses and some bacteria) by promoting destructiong of microbes residing in phagocytes or by killing infected cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection.

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15
Q

Fill in the Blank:

In addition to inflammation, the innate immune system is a _____-_____ _____ of an immune response.

A

“decision-making stage”

*it “evaluates” the invader in the context of intracellular vs extracellular microbes and then provide the instructions to adaptive immunity.

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16
Q

In what two ways do cells communicate?

A

> direct cell-to-cell contact

> interactions involving cytokines and chemokines

17
Q

What are the functions of cytokines?

A

> regulate growth and differentiation of all immune cells

> activate the effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes

18
Q

True or False:

Each cytokine acts via a specific signaling receptor expressed on target cells.

A

True

19
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Chemokines are a large subset of structurally related cytokines that regulate cell migration and movement (chemotaxis).

20
Q

What are the cells of innate immunity?

A 
> neutrophil
> macrophage
> eosinophil
> basophil
> mast cell
> monocyte
> dendritic cell 
> natural killer cell
21
Q

What is the primary function of phagocytes of the innate immune system?

A

Primary function is to ingest and destroy microbes and get rid of damaged tissues (scavenger function).

22
Q

What are the steps in functional responses of phagocytes?

A

> RECRUITMENT of the cells to the sites of infection
RECOGNITION of and activation by microbes
INGESTION of the microbes by the process of phagocytosis
DESTRUCTION of ingested microbes

23
Q

Which circulating spherical white blood cell is the most abundant?

A

neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

24
Q

Which cell type mediates the earliest phases of inflammatory reactions?

A

Neutrophils

25
Q

Where hare neutrophils produced and which cytokine stimulates their production?

A

> bone marrow

> granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

26
Q

How many neutrophils does an adult human produce per day?

A

1 x 10^11 neutrophils/day

27
Q

After neutrophils enter tissues, how many days do they function before they die?

A

1 - 2 days

28
Q

Which 3 cell types play a roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

> mast cells
basophils
eosinophils

Immunology - Unit 1 - Zach H. (12 decks)

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