Lecture (2) brain structures + spinal cord Flashcards
frontal lobe
executive function (anterior portion of brain)
Parietal lobe
Body sensations
(between frontal and occipital)
Occipital lobe
vision (posterior region of the brain)
temporal lobe
hearing and memory
continue with the parietal lobe
separated from frontal lobe via Silvian fissure
Silvian fissure (lateral sulcus)
sulclus = crevice
separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the brain
central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobe
corpus callosum
axon that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain
pre-central gyrus
gyrus = fold
primary motor cortex
post-central gyrus
gyrus = folds
primary sensory cortex
Cerebellum
central regulation of movement + some learning
Medulla
conveys major motor and sensory fibres to and from the brain
connects to the spinal cord
Development of brain from birth:
1.) neural tube filled with fluid developed into embryo
2.) 3 distinct swellings (forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain) remainder = spinal cord
3.) forebrain splits into: telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
4.) hindbrain = developed into brainstem (medulla, pons, cerebellum)
Limbic system (circuit of emotion)
1.) cingulate gyrus (cognitive functions)
2.) thalamus (switch box)
3.) hypothalamus (governs motiavted behaviour, sex/aggression)
4.) hippocampus (memory and learning)
5.) amygdala (emotion and smell due to perception)
6.) olfactory bulb (sense of smell)
cingulate gyrus
cognitive functions
limbic system
thalamus
switch box for sensory info
limbic system
hypothalamus
governs motivated behaviour such as sex, aggression, hunger
limbic system
hippocampus
memory (and learning)
limbic system
amygdala
emotion (and perception of smell)
limbic system
olfactory bulb
sense of smell
limbic system
pons
nerve fibres (motor and sensory nuclei)
corpus callosum
white matter structure (sending and receiving input)
cingulate gyrus
cognitive functions
pineal gland
secretes melatonin (sleep and rhythm)
superior and inferior colliculi
process auditory information
Basal ganglia (components):
critical for the control of movement
*1.) Caudate Nucleus (movement, learning and memory)
*2.) Putamen (learning and motor control, reward system (dopamine))
*3.) Globus Pallidus (movement control –conscious and voluntary movement)
4.) amygdala (emotion/perception of smell)
5.) thalamus (sensory switch box)
6.) substantia nigra (production of dopamine)
Caudate Nucleus
movement
learning
memory
basal ganglia
putamen
motor control and learning
reward system (dopamine)
basal ganglia
globus pallidus
movement control
(voluntary and conscious movement)
Causes Parkinson’s disease (part of basal ganglia)
substantial nigra (problem with production of dopamine –movement)
loss of dopamine producing cells
foramen magnum
the hole between the spinal cord and the brain stem
Somatic nervous sytem consists of: (nerves)
Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
spinal nerves (31 pairs)
spinal nerves
1.) cervical nerves (8 pairs)
2.) thoracic nerves (12 pairs) **end of solid part
3.) lumbar nerves (5 pairs) **horse tail
4.) sacral nerves (5 pairs)
5.) coccygeal (I pair)
spinal nerves (root system)
ventral nerves (motor neurons that come out the front of the spinal cord)
dorsal roots (sensory nerves that come out the back of the spinal cord)
Sympathetic system
flight or fight
axons exit the middle of the spinal cord
innervate major organ systems
receive norepinephrine
parasympathetic system
rest/relaxation
axons exit through the top and bottom of the spinal cord
parasympathetic ganglia
receive acetylcholine
