Lecture 1 (Technology)

Question 1

Histology

Answer 1

The study of the composition of brain tissues

Question 2

Nissl Stains

Answer 2

Visualize cell bodies(count), size and number of cell bodies in a region.

Question 3

Golgi Stains

Answer 3

Stain a minority of cells, but stands cells completely. Fine details and cell structures are shown.

Question 4

Audioradiography

Answer 4

animals treated with radioactive drug
thin slices of the brain are removed and placed beside photographic flim
radioactivity emitted by the compound exposes the emulsion, taking a picture of itself
highlights regions of brain where drug is concentrated

Question 5

Immunohistochemistry

Answer 5

create antibodies that attach themselves to a desired protein. Viewing brain slice, you see the distribution of neutrons in that slice.

Question 6

In situ hybridization

Answer 6

uses radioactively labelled lengths of DNA or RNA, labels only neutrons if a gene of interest is turned on

Question 7

Computerized axial tomography (CAT)

Answer 7

move x-ray source around the head. measured x-ray radiation absorbed = density of the tissue passed through
medium resolution
good for strokes, tutors, cortical shrinkage

Question 8

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 8

Head is placed on magnetic, protons in the brain line up parallel. Protons are nocked out, by radio waves. Protons move back to original positions emitted waves as they go. Detectors measure waves = density
cross-sectional view of brain
higher resolution images

Question 9

Functional Brain Imaging (FMRI)

Answer 9

detects regional changes in the brain
temporal (time) resolution, and spatial (sharpness) resolution
cannot track moment by moment changes

Question 10

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 10

radioactive chemical injected into bloodstream. tracks rapid changes in the brain.

Question 11

Trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 11

Stimulate areas of the brain with magnetic current. Map cortical surface and tracking changes in behaviour.

Question 12

magnetoencephalography (MEG),

Answer 12

measures magnetic fields produced by cortical neutrons. Real-time mapping of the brain. Good choice instead of FMRI (too slow)

Question 13

Tract Tracers

Answer 13

Tract tracers  substances that are taken up by neurons and transported over the axons route
* Pattern of connection between neurons