Lecture 1 (history) Flashcards
“Mind Body Problem”
The two stances are:
“Mind Body Problem”
The two stances are:
Dualism (plus models):
Mind has some independence from the body:
1.) Interactionism = Descartes, the mind influences the body
2.) Parallelsim = Spinoza, the mind and body agree but exist independently from each other
Interactionism
Dualist model: Descartes, the mind influences the body
Parallelism
Dualist model: Spinoza, the mind and body are separate, but agree with one another
Monism (plus models):
The mind is the same as the brain:
a.) Materialism = The brain is machine and the mind is a function of it (not free will)
b.) Identity position = the mind is brain activity, it exists but is not separate from the conscious brain
c.) Emergent property position = the mind is a new property of the brain that only emerges when the brain functions in a certain way
Materialism
Monism: The brain is machine and the mind is a function of it (not free will
Identity position
Monism: the mind is brain activity, it exists but is not separate from the conscious brain
Emergent property position
Monism: the mind is a new property of the brain that only emerges when the brain functions in a certain way
Ancient Egypt
they did not care about the brain. They liked the heart, liver, intestine. No mention of brain in bible.
Ancient Greece (three people)
a.) Aristotle (350 BC)
Cardiocentric theory = the brain cools hot blood from heart
b.) Hippocrates (400 BC)
Cerebrocentric theory = brain controls behavior
c.) Galen (200 AD)
Aqueduct model = metaphor for brain behaviour
brain is a vital organ
treated gladiators
Aristotle (350 BC)
Cardiocentric theory = the brain cools hot blood from heart
Hippocrates (400 BC)
Cerebrocentric theory = brain controls behavior
Galen (200 AD)
Aqueduct model = metaphor for brain behaviour
brain is a vital organ
treated gladiators
The renaissance: (two people)
1.) Vesalius and da Vinci (1500’s)
detailed anatomy
interest in fluid filled spaces (ventricular system)
dualists (church)
2.) Descartes (1630’s)
hydraulic statuettes = anaology
body consist of a large collection of reflexes (spinal cord and brain are source)
soul is invisible and exerts influence via pineal gland
Vesalius and da Vinci (1500’s
detailed anatomy
interest in fluid filled spaces (ventricular system)
dualists (church)
Descartes (1630’s)
hydraulic statuettes = anaology
body consist of a large collection of reflexes (spinal cord and brain are source)
soul is invisible and exerts influence via pineal gland
Gall and Spurzheim (Phrenology)
Localization:
map of brain through lumps and bumps
list of faculties that correlate to surface features
hypertrophy – skull bump
correct about: brain cord protects to spinal cord to muscles
left side of brain controls language
Broca’s area/aphasia
Localization:
Case of ‘tan’
stroke could only produce single syllable
left anterior part of brain damaged
expressive aphasia
Wernicke Areas
receptive aphasia = difficulty understanding language
left posterior part of brain damaged
Wernicke Areas Importance
more than one part of the brain controls functions (such as speech)
Associationist – connectionist models
Fritsch and Hitzig
Localization: Motor cortex
electrical stimulation of drugs brains to causes movement in limbs
Hughlings-Jackson
Localization: Motor cortex
seizures in epilepsy patients
electrical discharge spreads across motor cortex of brain
Penfield
Localization: Motor cortex
Survey on epilepsy
simulation mapping = electrical stimulation during surgery to map around tumours
Goltz
Anti-localization
Surgical excisions on dogs brains
little major changes in behaviour
Head and Goldstein
Anti-localization
recovery from brain damage
neuroplasticity (particularly in youth)
Lashley
Anti-localization
how does the brain change when you learn
search for the engram (learned activity)
trained rats to learn maze
attempted to surgically removed the memory
concluded brain functioned as a whole
lacked precise technology
looked at wrong structures
poor task for memory
