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FN 3361 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What factors influence you food choices and eating behaviours?

A 
Environment 
\$\$
Culture
Skills and knowledge
Convenience 
People
Attitude and values
Preferences
Access
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2
Q

What does Health behaviours referee to?

A

Actions of individuals, groups and organizations as well as those actions determinants, correlates and consequences
-think about behaviours behind. the. action

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3
Q

What does health behaviours do?

A 
Social change
Policy development and implementation
Improved coping skills
-people are healthy in all situations
Enhanced quality of life
-how people feel about things
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4
Q

Health behaviour is not only observable but what else?

A

Mental evens and feeling states involved

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5
Q

How do you change health behaviours?

A 
Need to change:
Beliefs
Expectations
Motives
Values
Perceptions
Personality Characteristics
Overt behaviours
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6
Q

What are the 2 things we must do to change health behaviours?

A
  1. Understand the behaviour
    - what things influence the behaviour
    - come up with strategies to. change behaviour
  2. Transform knowledge about. behaviour into effective strategies
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7
Q

What is a theory?

A

Set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying. relations among variables, in order to. explain or predict events or situations
-way to predict behaviour change

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8
Q

What do theories explain?

A

Behaviours and suggest ways to achieve behaviour change

-good for planning, implementation and evaluation

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9
Q

What is a concept?

A

Major component of theory of building blocks

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10
Q

What aree constructs?

A

Concepts adopted for use

-steps that break down thee constructs

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11
Q

What are variables?

A

Empirical counterparts or operational forms of constructs

Specify how a construct is to be measured

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12
Q

What are the most important constructs to predict and change behaviour?

A 
Intention (one of the highest)
Skills
Anticipated outcomes (has to believe its good)
Social Normative pressure
Self image
Emotional reaction (need to value something to move towards a behaviour)
Self efficacy (confidence)
Environmental constraint s
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13
Q

What are shared assumptions about commonalities among theories?

A

Health behaviours reflect expected value

Inherent in all theories

  • behavioural motivation
  • barriers to change
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14
Q

What are commonalities among theories?

A
  • Perceived barriers inhibit behaviour change
  • Perceived risk
  • Self efficacy or confidence
  • Decisional balance
  • Intention
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15
Q

How do you chose a theory?

A

depends on the Behaviour being studied

  • Health belief model
  • Transtheoreeetical model
  • Theory of planned behaviour
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16
Q

What are thee steps in the trans theoretical model?

A

Precontmeplation-unaware or not interested in change

Contemplation-considering behaviour change but know costs

Preparation- Intentions are made. Ready for action oriented strategies

Action- behaviour change in progress

Maintenance- Behaviour change for more than 6months

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17
Q

What is the theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behaviour?

A

Individual motivational factors as determinant of the likelihood of performing specific behaviours

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18
Q

What is the underlying assumption in the theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behaviour?

A

Intention is the best predict of behaviour and determined by:

  • Attitudes toward the behaviour
  • Social normative behaviours toward the behaviour
  • Perceived control over the performance of the behaviour

These are the constructs of the theory

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19
Q

What do we have to address if we want to move people towards chafe in behaviour for the theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behaviour?

A

Motivational factors/ mediators too change

20
Q

What is an attitude?

A

Determined by an individuals beliefs about an outcome or attributes of performing the behaviour, weighted by evaluations of those outcomes or attributes
-cognitive and. feeling that affect

21
Q

What is expectancy theory?

A

If you believe that performing the behaviour Weill lead to a strong positive outcome then you will have a positive attitude towards the behaviour

22
Q

In terms of behaviour which is better at predicting behaviour?

A

Positive attitude toward behaviour is often a better predictor of behaviour than positive attitude toward the outcome

23
Q

What is the subjective norm?

A

Determined by his or her normative beliefs

-important people in ones life approve or disapprove of performing the behaviour, weighted by the persons motivation to comply with those people

24
Q

What is perceived control?

A

Perceived presence or absence of facilitators and barriers toward performing a behaviour (control beliefs), weighted by each factors imnpact or power
-Similar to self efficacy

25
Q

How good is perceived control as a predictor of behavioural intention?

A

It is an independent predictor of behavioural intention, meaning on its on, its powerful in predicting behaviour
-need to increase peoples perceived control and confidence

26
Q

In the theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behaviour, what intentions to take action are based on beliefs??

A
  • Believe that taking this action will lead to outcomes I want
  • I perceive that the positive outcomes of taking this action outweighs the negative outcome
  • I have + feeling about taking this action, this action will make me feel good about myself
  • People important to me think that I should take this action, their opinions are important to me
  • I am confident that I can carry out this action, despite difficulties
27
Q

What is a good tool to use to try and change peoples minds?

A 
Statistics
Self assessment
Change attitudes
Visuals
Actually doing something
28
Q

In the theories that focus on interpersonal influences of behaviour what are some commonalities among these theories?

A

Humans are social beings

Social connections are a major influence on health

2 important social processes:

  • social support
  • social influence
29
Q

What is social cognitive theory?

A

Centers on the notion that meanings are developed in coordination with others rather than separately within each individuals
-central to this is skill development

30
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A
  1. Personal cognitive factors
    - Self efficacy, outcome expectancies, knowledge
  2. Physical and social environment
    - Observational learning, normative beliefs, social support, opportunities and barriers
  3. Behavioural factors
    - behavioural skills, intentions and reinforcements

-social theory built around this

31
Q

What are cognitive influences on behaviour?

A

Self efficacy: a persons confidence in their ability to perform a behaviour in the face of. barriers that leads to an outcome

Outcome expectancies: Outcomes arise from actions. Outcomes expectancies are judgements about the likely consequences of actions

Knowledge: An understanding of health risks and benefits and the information necessary to perform a behviour

32
Q

What are the 4 sources that form self efficacy?

A
  1. Mastery experiences
    -previous experience influences us. through them we develop
    behavioural skill, belief about expected outcomes and level of perceived self efficacy
  2. Vicarious experiences
    -observational learning (success/failures of others)
    -person being observed must be influential
  3. Social persuasion
    -Direct encouragement or discouragement for social desirable individual
    -they can persuade, support or reinforce advantages of behaviour
  4. Emotional arousal
    -acts as a cue to the person. about anticipated failure or success
33
Q

What are the environmental influence on behaviour?

A

Observational learning
-Person learns new info and behaviours by observing the. behaviour and consequences of others

Normative beliefs
-Cultural norms and beliefs about social acceptability and pervaded prevalence of behaviour

Social support
-Perception of encouragement and support a person receives from their social network

Barriers and opportunities
-Attributes of the social or physical environment that make behaviours harder or easier to perform

34
Q

What are the 4. processes that influence observational learning?

A
  1. Attention
    - depends on valuing
  2. Retention
    - Need cognitive capacity to recall events
  3. Production
    - levle of knowledge, skill and self efficacy already possessed of the level of willingness tot learn them
  4. Motivation
    - Expected cost:Benefit ratio
35
Q

What are the 4 categories of social support?

A
  1. Emotional support
    - care and companionship
  2. Esteem support
    - Validating beliefs, emotions, actions
  3. Informaional support
    - providing information or advice
  4. Instrumental support
    - providing materials or equipment for behaviour
36
Q

What are the supporting behavioural factors?

A

Behavioural skills

  • Abilities needed to successfully perform a behaviour
  • takes knowledge and put it into action

Intentions
-Goals of adding new behaviours or modifying existing behaviours both proximal and distal

Reinforcement
-Behaviour can be increased by provision of rewards

37
Q

What are models?

A

Draw on a number of theories to help understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context
-Take threes and build a framework, no longer constructs

38
Q

What do models do?

A

Maximize the ability to change health behaviours

39
Q

What is the SEM?

A

Social ecological Model

  • Whenhealing with population health there are layers of influence:
  • inndividual, interpersonal, organizational, community and global levels
40
Q

What is social marketing?

A

Aims to influence a broad range of outcomes including attitude and behaviour

Aimed at increasing the acceptability of a costal idea or practice in one or more target group adopters

41
Q

What are the pros and cons to social marketing?

A

Pro:

  • can do at a higher level
  • reach a greater audience

Con:

  • May not promote behaviour change
  • Impact not great when reach increases
42
Q

What are the 5 basic principles of social marketing?

A
  1. Focus on a behaviour
  2. Prioritize consumer benefit
  3. Maintain a market perspective
  4. Develop a marketing mix of commiunication elements according to the 4 Ps
  5. Using Audience segmentation
43
Q

What are the 4 Ps?

A

Product- benefit of behaviour
Price- perceived costs or barriers
Place-when and how to promote behaviour
Promotion- targeted to a target group

44
Q

In the basic principles of social marketing how do you focus on behaviour?

A

Companies don’t care how you use product as long as you buy

In social marketing the Use is of. great importance and is linked to outcome

45
Q

In the basic principles of social marketing how do you prioritize consumer benefit/?

A

Agency running campaign may not see immediate. benefits but the consumer may feel healthier immediately

46
Q

In the basic principles of social marketing how do you maintain a karate perspective?

A

Ideas revolve around consumer needs and deires

47
Q

In the basic principles of social marketing how do you use audience segmentation?

A

Different subgroups may be at different stages of change

-tryinig to reach people on both extremes

FN 3361 (7 decks)

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