Lecture 2

Question 1

What factors influence you food choices and eating behaviours?

Answer 1

Environment 
\$\$
Culture
Skills and knowledge
Convenience 
People
Attitude and values
Preferences
Access

Question 2

What does Health behaviours referee to?

Answer 2

Actions of individuals, groups and organizations as well as those actions determinants, correlates and consequences
-think about behaviours behind. the. action

Question 3

What does health behaviours do?

Answer 3

Social change
Policy development and implementation
Improved coping skills
-people are healthy in all situations
Enhanced quality of life
-how people feel about things

Question 4

Health behaviour is not only observable but what else?

Answer 4

Mental evens and feeling states involved

Question 5

How do you change health behaviours?

Answer 5

Need to change:
Beliefs
Expectations
Motives
Values
Perceptions
Personality Characteristics
Overt behaviours

Question 6

What are the 2 things we must do to change health behaviours?

Answer 6

1. Understand the behaviour
   - what things influence the behaviour
   - come up with strategies to. change behaviour
2. Transform knowledge about. behaviour into effective strategies

Question 7

What is a theory?

Answer 7

Set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying. relations among variables, in order to. explain or predict events or situations
-way to predict behaviour change

Question 8

What do theories explain?

Answer 8

Behaviours and suggest ways to achieve behaviour change

-good for planning, implementation and evaluation

Question 9

What is a concept?

Answer 9

Major component of theory of building blocks

Question 10

What aree constructs?

Answer 10

Concepts adopted for use

-steps that break down thee constructs

Question 11

What are variables?

Answer 11

Empirical counterparts or operational forms of constructs

Specify how a construct is to be measured

Question 12

What are the most important constructs to predict and change behaviour?

Answer 12

Intention (one of the highest)
Skills
Anticipated outcomes (has to believe its good)
Social Normative pressure
Self image
Emotional reaction (need to value something to move towards a behaviour)
Self efficacy (confidence)
Environmental constraint s

Question 13

What are shared assumptions about commonalities among theories?

Answer 13

Health behaviours reflect expected value

Inherent in all theories

• behavioural motivation
• barriers to change

Question 14

What are commonalities among theories?

Answer 14

• Perceived barriers inhibit behaviour change
• Perceived risk
• Self efficacy or confidence
• Decisional balance
• Intention

Question 15

How do you chose a theory?

Answer 15

depends on the Behaviour being studied

• Health belief model
• Transtheoreeetical model
• Theory of planned behaviour

Question 16

What are thee steps in the trans theoretical model?

Answer 16

Precontmeplation-unaware or not interested in change

Contemplation-considering behaviour change but know costs

Preparation- Intentions are made. Ready for action oriented strategies

Action- behaviour change in progress

Maintenance- Behaviour change for more than 6months

Question 17

What is the theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 17

Individual motivational factors as determinant of the likelihood of performing specific behaviours

Question 18

What is the underlying assumption in the theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 18

Intention is the best predict of behaviour and determined by:

• Attitudes toward the behaviour
• Social normative behaviours toward the behaviour
• Perceived control over the performance of the behaviour

These are the constructs of the theory

Question 19

What do we have to address if we want to move people towards chafe in behaviour for the theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 19

Motivational factors/ mediators too change

Question 20

What is an attitude?

Answer 20

Determined by an individuals beliefs about an outcome or attributes of performing the behaviour, weighted by evaluations of those outcomes or attributes
-cognitive and. feeling that affect

Question 21

What is expectancy theory?

Answer 21

If you believe that performing the behaviour Weill lead to a strong positive outcome then you will have a positive attitude towards the behaviour

Question 22

In terms of behaviour which is better at predicting behaviour?

Answer 22

Positive attitude toward behaviour is often a better predictor of behaviour than positive attitude toward the outcome

Question 23

What is the subjective norm?

Answer 23

Determined by his or her normative beliefs

-important people in ones life approve or disapprove of performing the behaviour, weighted by the persons motivation to comply with those people

Question 24

What is perceived control?

Answer 24

Perceived presence or absence of facilitators and barriers toward performing a behaviour (control beliefs), weighted by each factors imnpact or power
-Similar to self efficacy

Question 25

How good is perceived control as a predictor of behavioural intention?

Answer 25

It is an independent predictor of behavioural intention, meaning on its on, its powerful in predicting behaviour -need to increase peoples perceived control and confidence

Question 26

In the theory of reasoned action/ theory of planned behaviour, what intentions to take action are based on beliefs??

Answer 26

- Believe that taking this action will lead to outcomes I want - I perceive that the positive outcomes of taking this action outweighs the negative outcome - I have + feeling about taking this action, this action will make me feel good about myself - People important to me think that I should take this action, their opinions are important to me - I am confident that I can carry out this action, despite difficulties

Question 27

What is a good tool to use to try and change peoples minds?

Answer 27

``` Statistics Self assessment Change attitudes Visuals Actually doing something ```

Question 28

In the theories that focus on interpersonal influences of behaviour what are some commonalities among these theories?

Answer 28

Humans are social beings Social connections are a major influence on health 2 important social processes: - social support - social influence

Question 29

What is social cognitive theory?

Answer 29

Centers on the notion that meanings are developed in coordination with others rather than separately within each individuals -central to this is skill development

Question 30

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 30

1. Personal cognitive factors - Self efficacy, outcome expectancies, knowledge 2. Physical and social environment - Observational learning, normative beliefs, social support, opportunities and barriers 3. Behavioural factors - behavioural skills, intentions and reinforcements -social theory built around this

Question 31

What are cognitive influences on behaviour?

Answer 31

Self efficacy: a persons confidence in their ability to perform a behaviour in the face of. barriers that leads to an outcome Outcome expectancies: Outcomes arise from actions. Outcomes expectancies are judgements about the likely consequences of actions Knowledge: An understanding of health risks and benefits and the information necessary to perform a behviour

Question 32

What are the 4 sources that form self efficacy?

Answer 32

1. Mastery experiences -previous experience influences us. through them we develop behavioural skill, belief about expected outcomes and level of perceived self efficacy 2. Vicarious experiences -observational learning (success/failures of others) -person being observed must be influential 3. Social persuasion -Direct encouragement or discouragement for social desirable individual -they can persuade, support or reinforce advantages of behaviour 4. Emotional arousal -acts as a cue to the person. about anticipated failure or success

Question 33

What are the environmental influence on behaviour?

Answer 33

Observational learning -Person learns new info and behaviours by observing the. behaviour and consequences of others Normative beliefs -Cultural norms and beliefs about social acceptability and pervaded prevalence of behaviour Social support -Perception of encouragement and support a person receives from their social network Barriers and opportunities -Attributes of the social or physical environment that make behaviours harder or easier to perform

Question 34

What are the 4. processes that influence observational learning?

Answer 34

1. Attention - depends on valuing 2. Retention - Need cognitive capacity to recall events 3. Production - levle of knowledge, skill and self efficacy already possessed of the level of willingness tot learn them 4. Motivation - Expected cost:Benefit ratio

Question 35

What are the 4 categories of social support?

Answer 35

1. Emotional support - care and companionship 2. Esteem support - Validating beliefs, emotions, actions 3. Informaional support - providing information or advice 4. Instrumental support - providing materials or equipment for behaviour

Question 36

What are the supporting behavioural factors?

Answer 36

Behavioural skills - Abilities needed to successfully perform a behaviour - takes knowledge and put it into action Intentions -Goals of adding new behaviours or modifying existing behaviours both proximal and distal Reinforcement -Behaviour can be increased by provision of rewards

Question 37

What are models?

Answer 37

Draw on a number of theories to help understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context -Take threes and build a framework, no longer constructs

Question 38

What do models do?

Answer 38

Maximize the ability to change health behaviours

Question 39

What is the SEM?

Answer 39

Social ecological Model - Whenhealing with population health there are layers of influence: - inndividual, interpersonal, organizational, community and global levels

Question 40

What is social marketing?

Answer 40

Aims to influence a broad range of outcomes including attitude and behaviour Aimed at increasing the acceptability of a costal idea or practice in one or more target group adopters

Question 41

What are the pros and cons to social marketing?

Answer 41

Pro: - can do at a higher level - reach a greater audience Con: - May not promote behaviour change - Impact not great when reach increases

Question 42

What are the 5 basic principles of social marketing?

Answer 42

1. Focus on a behaviour 2. Prioritize consumer benefit 3. Maintain a market perspective 4. Develop a marketing mix of commiunication elements according to the 4 Ps 5. Using Audience segmentation

Question 43

What are the 4 Ps?

Answer 43

Product- benefit of behaviour Price- perceived costs or barriers Place-when and how to promote behaviour Promotion- targeted to a target group

Question 44

In the basic principles of social marketing how do you focus on behaviour?

Answer 44

Companies don't care how you use product as long as you buy In social marketing the Use is of. great importance and is linked to outcome

Question 45

In the basic principles of social marketing how do you prioritize consumer benefit/?

Answer 45

Agency running campaign may not see immediate. benefits but the consumer may feel healthier immediately

Question 46

In the basic principles of social marketing how do you maintain a karate perspective?

Answer 46

Ideas revolve around consumer needs and deires

Question 47

In the basic principles of social marketing how do you use audience segmentation?

Answer 47

Different subgroups may be at different stages of change | -tryinig to reach people on both extremes