Lecture 2 Flashcards
Flynn Effect
Kids are born smarter.
Gain of three IQ point per decade
Extentions of IQ
- Emotional Intelligence
- Cultural Intellugence
- Complex problem-solving
Older employees are:
- Loyal to company
- Come on time; low (avoidable) absenteeism
- Commitment to do quality work
- Still performing at leat as good as younger employees
- Have immens knowledge that needs to be transferred to next generations
Definition of learning?
Any relatively permanent chang in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience
Learning components:
Involves change-> Is relatively permanent-> Is acquired through experience
Theories of learning
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Social-learning Theory
Classial conditioning
A type of condition in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response
Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary bevaiour leads to a reward or prevenrs a punishment
Operant conditioning
BF Skinner’s concept of Behaviorism.
Behaviorism: Behaviour follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner
Key concepts:
- Conditioned behaviour: Voluntary behaviour that is learned, not reflecive
- Reinforcement: The consequences of behaviour which can increase or decrease the likelihood of behaviour repetition.
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct experience. So they can learn indirectly.
Key concepts:
-Attentional processes
Must recognize and pay attention to critical features to learn
-Retentiion processes
Model’s actions must be remembered to be learned
-Motor reproduction precesses
Atching the model’s behaviour must bbe converted to doing
-Reinforcement Processes
Positive incentives motivates learners.
A managerial tool
Shaping
-Four methods of shaping behaviour
-Positive reinforcement
Providing a reward for a desired behaviour (learning)
-Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired beaviour occurs (learning)
-Punishment
Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behaviour (Unlearning)
-Extinction
Withholding reinforcement of a behaviour to cause its cessation (Unlearning)
A critical issue with the schedules of reinforcement
Two major types
-Continuous reinforcement
A desired behaviour is reinforced each time it is demonstrated
-Intermittent reinforcement
A desired behaviour is reinfored often enough to make the behaviour worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated
Variable reinforcement
Are very powerful!
Rewards that are unpredicatble or that vary relative to the behaviour.
Imprtant predictor of work performance
Ability
What happens with Biograpical info?
This influence often managerial decisions, but these might be based on stereotypes instead of realities
